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Vače

2025-06-07T13:04:58Z

LukaRepansek:

{{Inscription
|trasnliteration=t'erisna
|object=bronze helmet
|script=Rhaetic alphabet
|language=Rhaetic
|direction=sinistroverse
|technique=embossed
|condition=non-fragmentary
|findspot=Vače near Litija
|date=second half of the 5th c. BC
|commentary=The inscription was embossed on the chamfer using a pointed tool. All the characters are easily legible. The first letter consists of a hasta topped by a circle of eight indentations and an additional single indentation above the circle. The letter has in the past been interpreted as a form of ''zeta'' for ''t'' (Marstrander 1927: 20 ff., Prosdocimi & Scardigli 1976: 228), as Etruscan'' f'' (Kretschmer 1943: 186), or as ''iota'' (Schneider 1892: 54, Pellegrini 1969: 50 f., Egg 1986: 228). Mancini (1991) determined it to be a specific sign denoting a dental and concluded the letter to be another variant of the Rhaetic special character for a dental affricate. Schumacher (2004) also argued for a dental reading. This is further supported by a possible Etruscan etymology. Rix (1998) compares Etruscan ''zeri'', which Vetter (1924) translates as "all, everyone". An adjective derived with the genitival suffix ''-na''  results in Etr. *zerisna "belonging to everyone, public". This theory is expanded by Heiner Eichner with his interpretation of Lemn. ''zari[''  "for everybody".
The word occurs six other times in the corpus, usually on objects and in inscriptions with a fairly certain votive function and once on another helmet. If the interpretation is correct, it can be speculated that in these two cases, the word denoted helmets belonging to the community, to be dispersed to helmless individuals when needed.
|bibliography=Eichner, Heiner (2011). Anmerkungen zum Etruskischen in memoriam Helmut Rix. ''Alessandria ''5, pp. 67–92.

Schumacher, Stefan (2004). Die rätischen Inschriften. ''Geschichte und heutiger Stand der Forschung ''(= ''Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Kulturwissenschaft ''121)''. ''Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, pp. 558-560.Eichner, Heiner, Istenič, Janka & Lovenjak, Milan (1994). Ein römerzeitliches Keramikgefäß aus Ptuj (Pettau, Poetovio) in Slowenien mit Inschrift in unbekanntem Alphabet und epichorischer (vermutlich keltischer) Sprache. ''Arheološki vestnik ''45, pp. 131–142.
Rix, Helmut (1998). ''Rätisch und Etruskisch'' (= ''Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft, Vorträge und kleinere Schriften ''68). Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft, p. 48.
Mancini, Alberto (1991). Iscrizioni retiche e iscrizioni camune. Due ambiti a confronto. ''Quaderni del Dipartimento di Linguistica'' ''-Università di Firenze ''2, pp. 77–113.
Egg, Markus (1986). ''Italische Helme. Studien zu den ältereisenzeitlichen Helmen Italiens und der Alpen. Teil 1: Text, Teil 2: Tafeln.'' Mainz: Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, pp. 614-620.
Marstrander, Carl (1927). Remarques sur les inscriptions des casques en bronze de Negau et de Watsch. ''Avhandlinger utgitt av Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. Hist.-filos. klasse ''1926/2, pp. 1–26.

Vetter, Emil (1924). Etruskische Wortdeutungen. ''Glotta'' 13'','' pp. 138–149.
|test=<div id="slikce"><img id="a1r" src="venetianLetters/a1r.png"><img id="m1" src="venetianLetters/m1.png"><img id="s1r" src="venetianLetters/s1r.png"><img id="i" src="venetianLetters/i.png"><img id="r2r" src="venetianLetters/r2r.png"><img id="e1" src="venetianLetters/e1.png"><img id="s'2" src="venetianLetters/s'2.png"></div>
}}
{| style="text-align:left;"
|-
! Transliteration
| style="padding-left: 10px;" | t'erisna

|-
! Object
| style="padding-left: 10px;" | bronze helmet

|-
! Script
| style="padding-left: 10px;" | Rhaetic alphabet

|-
! Language
| style="padding-left: 10px;" | Rhaetic

|-
! Writing direction
| style="padding-left: 10px;" | sinistroverse

|-
! Technique
| style="padding-left: 10px;" | embossed

|-
! Condition
| style="padding-left: 10px;" | non-fragmentary

|-
! Findspot
| style="padding-left: 10px;" | Vače near Litija

|-
! Archaeological context
| style="padding-left: 10px;" | ''to be inserted''

|-
! Archaeological culture
| style="padding-left: 10px;" | ''to be inserted''

|-
! Date
| style="padding-left: 10px;" | second half of the 5th c. BC
|}

== Original text ==
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== Commentary ==
A single-word sinistroverse inscription consisting of seven letters is found embossed in the middle of the bevel. The writing technique itself (embossing with a pointed tool) finds an exact parallel in the linguistically Gaulish inscription on the Negau A helmet (''dubni banuabi'') from Ženjak. The inscription has so far been published and discussed in Schneider 1892, Marstrander 1927, Kretschmer 1943, Pellegrini 1969, Prosdocimi 1976, Egg 1986, Marinetti 1987, Mancini 1991, Eichner et al. 1994, Nedoma 1995, Rix 1998, Mancini 1999, Schumacher 2004, Eichner 2006, Marchesini & Roncador 2015, Salomon 2014/15, and the ''Thesaurus inscriptionum Raeticarum ''(''s.l.'' SL-1).Even though geographically isolated, the inscription on the helmet from Vače is both linguistically and epigraphically unambiguously Raetic. The word ''terisna'' itself is found on six other Raetic inscriptions: SR-4 (Serso), SR-6 (Serso), NO-13 (Revò, Monte Ozol), BZ-4 (San Maurizio/Moritzing, Bolzano/Bozen), BZ-26 (San Genesio Atestino/Jenesien, Bolzano/Bozen), and probably also SR-9 (Serso). The first three and SR-9 are found incised on bone (antlers and astragali), BZ-4 is engraved on a fragment of a bronze vessel, while BZ-26 is found engraved on a fragment of a Negau helmet and thus offers the best typological parallel to the inscription from Vače (SL-1). As far as the shape of the letters themselves is concerned (leaving aside the problems concerning the execution of the first letter form), the best parallel is NO-13, which is datable to the 6th/5th century BC. Palaeographic features of two of the inscriptions on antler bone from Serso (SR-4, SR-6) point to the Magrè-type of the Raetic alphabet, while the two inscriptions from Bolzano/Bozen are executed in the Sanzeno alphabet. SR-9 may potentially point to Magrè (as one would expect), although here the interpretation of the first three letter forms is highly problematic and ultimately uncertain. As far as NO-13 is concerned, it bears no diagnostic traces of the Sanzeno alphabet (in contradistinction to other geographically related epigraphic finds), but rather, as already pointed out, nearly perfectly (disregarding the essential difference in craftmanship) matches the ductus of SL-1. Both, then, should probably be seen to belong to the Magrè context proper.Palaeographically, the only problematic part of the inscription from Vače is the very first letter form, which consists of a vertical hasta identical to an with a dot positioned above or on the upper part of the stem. The same character (following Schumacher’s proposal, it is now generally – although provisionally – transliterated with ''ti'') is used no more than eight times in the extant Raetic corpus (normally with a rather unpronounced diacritic). Apart from SL-1 it is found in HU-7 (a bronze situla of unknown provenance, now in Providence, USA), VR-1 (San Briccio, antler bone), VR-3 (Cà dei Cavri, the so-called “spada di Verona”), NO-3 (Meclo/Mechel, bronze plaque), and the already mentioned inscriptions on antler bone from Serso (SR-4 and SR-6). All eight inscriptions bear characteristics of the Magrè alphabet (with the exception of NO-3, which can potentially be seen as ambiguous), which makes it possible to position the invention and the use of the peripheral symbol ''ti'' within the same context. All of the catalogued parallels to SL-1 are associated with objects datable to the 5th and 4th centuries BC, while the astragal from Monte Ozol (NO-13) and especially the bronze situla (HU-7) may be even older, reaching back to the 6th/5th c. BC, i.e. the period of the advent of Raetic writing. Being datable to the 5th c. BC, the inscription on the Negau helmet from Vače neatly fits in the same time-frame.Compared to other attestations, the only significant difference in the execution of the first letter form in SL-1 is that the diacritic mark above the vertical hasta was made more pronounced by a transformation into a small circle which consists of eight dots and encircles the upper part of the vertical stem. The original dot above the hasta, however, is left intact and sits above the circle. To all purposes, then, the character seems diacritically doubly marked. An equally pronounced diacritic is found on NO-13 and SR-4 (both bone), where it is marked with an almost exaggerated indentation. Given the comparison with the inscription ''dubni banuabi ''on the Negau A helmet from Ženjak, however, it is not impossible that it is in fact the circular head of the first character on SL-1 which is original, while the diacritic mark in the form of a dot has been added subsequently. The execution of the short slanting hastae (upper and lower) of the initial ''dzeta'' in Negau A as dotted circles makes it possible to view the same feature in SL-1 as representing the short horizontal slant of the usual shape of the letter ''tau'' as used in the Magrè alphabet (matching the Etruscan /t/ and Venetic /d/). If this is the case, the additional indentation above the embossed circle would necessarily mean a subsequent correction, or, possibly, a means of disambiguation between a ''tau ''and a ''phi'' (note that the latter possibility is infinitely less likely, given that the upper feature of a ''phi'' on the Negau A helmet is much wider and less circular, almost approaching a rhomboid shape, than the one used to represent the horizontal slants of the ''dzeta''). A conceivable parallel is again offered by NO-13, the first character of which seems to have been improved from a plain ''tau ''to an unambiguous case of a ''ti'' (see Salomon 2014/15, 240). Another possible case is VR-1, where ''ti ''is intersected by a short horizontal bar. If the latter is part of the character rather than a scratch mark, it could equally point to a secondary modification of a plain ''tau''.'' ''Concerning the short slanting twig-like incision that extends to the left from the middle of the stem of ''ti'' on the inscription from Vače, it can either be viewed as purely accidental or deliberate. In the latter case, the execution technique would speak firmly in favour of a later addition. If taken as an integral (albeit subsequently added) part of the character in question, the only imaginable reason for its introduction would be disambiguation. The resulting letter form would be without an exact parallel, though, so the model on which such an additional bar may have been introduced is far from apparent. A similar form of ''tau ''is found on the (linguistically Gaulish) graffito on a ceramic pot found in Spodnja Hajdina near Ptuj, but there the protruding bar is oriented against the direction of the inscription and the inscription itself is several centuries younger than what we are dealing with in the case of Vače. Neither does it find a convincing match in the shape of the ''ti ''in VR-1 (on which see above).Be that as it may, the exact function of ''ti ''and its phonetic value (in particular as opposed to ''tau'') is essentially unclear. What is almost certain, however, is the fact that ''ti ''does not represent an alveolar/dental affricate /''ts''/. For the latter, both the Magrè and Sanzeno alphabets nearly systematically use special symbols (a ''b-''like symbol with three triangular bellies in Magrè and an arrow-shaped character in Sanzeno), while ''ti ''is never used in any of the contexts that typically feature a /''ts''/ (such as, e.g., ''tsinake ''‘dedicated’, matching Etruscan ''zinake ''‘fashioned, made’). Schumacher’s proposal (2004, 307–312) that ''ti'' represents the third variant of /''ts''/ has recently been made obsolete by Salomon’s discussion of the relevant material (2014/15) and ultimately rests on the falsifiable assumption that the character used in the beginning of NO-13 represents a compromise form between ''ti ''and the arrow-shaped form of /''ts''/. Given that a) none of the eight inscriptions that feature ''ti ''contain any other form of „t“, b) ''ti ''is used before front vowels (''tie'', ''tii''), back vowels (''tia'') and consonants (''til'') alike, and c) a form like ''utiku ''‘given’ is also spelled with ''tau'', ''ti'' can hardly represent anything else but /t/, and, as such, represent a simplified form of ''tau''. This is corroborated by the fact that in the Sanzeno alphabet the same words are found spelled with a reverse form of ''pi'', which, as convincingly argued by Salomon (''op. cit.''), represents the counterpart of ''ti'', predominantly used in the Magrè context, and is genetically more transparently related to ''tau''. Note that Schumacher’s strongest argument in favour of the interpretation of ''ti'' as /ts/ is SR-9, which he reads as ''tśie[ris]na'', i.e. with a trigraph <tśi> in place of ''ti'' (2004, 309) is wrought with difficulties on the palaeographic level, so that it can hardy constitute any kind of firm evidence in favour of the interpretation that what we are dealing with in the case of ''ti'' is indeed a voiceless alveolar/dental affricate.The meaning of the word ''terisna ''is ultimately unknown. Judging from the suffix ''-na ''it looks like a feminine patronymic (i.e. genetically an adjective of appurtenance) but given its rather wide distribution and the archaeological context, coupled with the fact that it appears isolated in inscriptions like SL-1 and NO-13, this is not at all likely. In all its occurrences it stands in the unmarked, i.e. the nominative/accusative case, which would speak rather strongly in favour of a noun. The sequence has been compared by Rix (1998, 48) and Eichner (2006, 211 and ''apud ''Salomon 2014/15, 254) to Etruscan ''zeri ''‘?’ (surmised to mean ‘everyone, all’) and Lemnian ''zari[sna]? ''(proposed to mean ‘public’ < *‘belonging to everyone’) respectively. Rix (2000, 13) has drawn an additional parallel between ''terisna ''and the Etruscan noun (?) ''têrśna ''or, possibly, ''zêrśna ''(of equally unknown meaning), attested as a hapax on ''Tabula Cortonensis'', where it appears in conjunction with the adjective ''rasna'' ‘public’. If this is indeed the Etruscan cognate to Raetic ''terisna ''and if it is to be interpreted palaeographically as ''têrśna'', the Raetic sequence is of course interpretable as /terisna/. If the equation with the (non-attested!) Etruscan ''zerisna ''is correct and if ''têrśna ''on ''Tab. Cortonensis'' is to be read ''zêrśna ''(whether etymologically connected to the former or not), this would unavoidably point towards the interpretation of ''terisna ''as /tserisna/ and ''possibly'' suggest a meaning along the lines of ‘a property of all’. It is to be stressed, however, that this proposal is extremely conjectural (essential ambiguity as to the correct reading of the initial consonant in ''t''/''zêrśna'', fundamentally unclear etymological connection between ''zeri ''and ''t''/''zêrśna'', assumed syncope and progressive palatalisation that would point to an earlier *''t''/''zerisna ''> North Etruscan *''t''/''zērišna ''> *''t''/''zēršna ''etc.) and ultimately circular, given that the conjecture is supported by the assumption that ''ti'' in ''terisna'' represents a /ts/. The resulting proposal as to the possible meaning of ''terisna ''is equally problematic, because it clearly does not fit the predominantly votive context in which the word is normally found (see esp. Schumacher 2004, 334–335; Salomon 2014/15, 253–256; TIR ''s.v. terisna''). Be that as it may, a phonetic interpretation of Raetic ''terisna'' along the lines of /tserisna/ is rendered highly improbable by the fact that ''terisna ''is never attested with either of the two characters that are normally used to represent Raetic /ts/ and that in all of the inscriptions that feature its use, ''ti'' seems to be used as a functional equivalent of ''tau''. The two examples of ''terisna'' from the area of Bolzano/Bozen (BZ-4, BZ-26) equally militate against the idea, given that the initial consonant is spelled with the Sanzeno-type ''tau ''(i.e. the reverse form of ''pi'').What does remain within the realm of possibility is that ''ti ''was originally invented as a modification of ''tau ''in the context of the Magrè alphabet in order'' ''to represent something like a /tj/ resulting from a palatal pronunciation of ''t ''before front vowels but was subsequently (and rather early-on) extended to stand for non-palatalised /t/. This would at least help explain (possible) examples of secondary emendations such as ones potentially witnessed in the case of NO-13, VR-1, and perhaps SL-1, as well as the fact that in the context of Magrè ''ti'' seems to be in fact redundant. It would of course also account for the spelling ''tśie[ris]na ''in the case of SR-9 (under the necessary assumption that this is indeed the correct reading). In such an event, however, ''ti ''and the Sanzeno-tape ''tau ''(which is but a plain modification of the old ''tau'')'' ''necessarily have different histories. Such an idea, however, is complicated (if not entirely disproven) by the fact that ''tau ''in the Magrè alphabet is generally typical of younger inscriptions (3rd through 1st c. BC), whereas ''ti ''is the only form of ''tau ''found in the oldest attestations.
== Bibliography ==
Egg, M., 1986, ''Italische Helme. Studien zu den ältereisenzeitlichen Helmen Italiens und der Alpen''. – Mainz: Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum.Eichner, H., 2006, Das Ǝ von Cortona und das etruskische Phonemsystem. In/V: P. Amann et al. (eds./ur.), ''Italo – Tusco – Romana. Festschrift für Luciana Aigner'', Wien, 209–220.Eichner, H., Istenič, J., Lovenjak, M., 1994, Ein römerzeitliches Keramikgefäß aus Ptuj (Pettau, Poetovio) in Slowenien mit Inschrift in unbekanntem Alphabet und epichorischer (vermutlich keltischer) Sprache. – ''Arheološki vestnik'' 45, 131–142.Kretschmer, P., 1943, Die vorgriechischen Sprach- und Volksschichten. – ''Glotta'' 30, 84–218.Mancini, A., 1991, Iscrizioni retiche e iscrizioni camune. Due ambiti a confronto. – ''Quaderni del Dipartimento di Linguistica - Università di Firenze ''2, 77–113.Mancini, A., 1999, Iscrizioni retiche: aspetti epigrafici. In/V: G. Ciurletti, F. Marzatico, ''I Reti ''/'' Die Räter'', Trento, 297–333.Marchesini, S., Roncador, R., 2015, ''Monumenta Linguae Raeticae''. – Roma: Scienze e Lettere.Marinetti, A., 1987, L'iscrizione retica (PID 247) da Cà dei Cavri (Verona). In/V: A. Aspes (ed./ur.), ''Prima della Storia. Inediti di 10 anni di ricerche a Verona'', Verona, 131–140.Marstrander, C. J. S., 1927, Remarques sur les inscriptions des casques en bronze de Negau et de Watsch. – ''Avhandlinger utgitt av Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. Hist.-filos. klasse ''1926/2, 1–26.Nedoma, R., 1995, ''Die Inschrift auf dem Helm B von Negau. Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Deutung norditalischer epigraphischer Denkmäler''. – Wien: Fassbaender.Pellegrini, G., 1969, Popoli Preromani nelle Alpi Orientali. In/V: N. Kuret, M. Matičetov (eds./ur.), ''Alpes Orientales V. Acta quinti conventus de ethnographia Alpium Orientalium tractantis'', Ljubljana, 37–54.Prosdocimi, A. L., Scardigli, P., 1976, Negau. In/V: V. Pisani, C. Santoro (ed./ur.), ''Italia linguistica nuova ed antica. Studi linguistici in memoria di Oronzo Parlangèli'', Galatina, 179–229.Rix, H., 1998, ''Rätisch und Etruskisch''. – Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft.Rix, H., 2000, Osservazioni preliminari ad un’interpretazione dell'Aes Cortonense. – ''Incontri linguistici'' 23, 11–31.Salomon, C., 2014/2015, Zu Varianten von Pi und Tau in rätischen Inschriften. – ''Die Sprache'' 51/2, 237–263.von Schneider, R., 1892, Neuere Erwerbungen der Antikensammlung des österreichischen Kaiserhauses in Wien. 1880–1891. – ''Archäologischer Anzeiger'', 48–56.Schumacher, S., 2004, ''Die rätischen Inschriften. Geschichte und heutiger Stand der Forschung'' (2., erweiterte Auflage). – Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck.Schumacher, S., Salomon, C., Kluge, S., Bajc, G., Braun, M., 2013–, ''Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum''. <https://www.univie.ac.at/raetica>
== Image ==
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:204px;">[https://cives.uni-lj.si/index.php?title=File:No_image.png ]<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify">[https://cives.uni-lj.si/index.php?title=File:No_image.png]</div>''to be inserted''</div></div></div>

Is 2

2024-05-13T11:47:01Z

LukaRepansek:

{{Inscription
|trasnliteration=la.i..v.na.i. vrot.a(.).i.
|object=bronze vessel
|script=Isonzian Venetic alphabet
|language=Venetic
|direction=sinistroverse
|technique=incised
|condition=damaged
|findspot=Idrija pri Bači
|context=grave
|culture=the Sveta Lucija Hallstatt cultural group
|date=4th-3rd c. BC
|commentary=Bronze pitcher is almost intact. It has a large loop handle with a curved horn. Height: 40, diameter: 70. The central lining features decorations, composed of rods and crosses. The inscription was carved under the brim with very light strokes. It starts from the right of the handle. The inscription measures approximately 125, the height of the letters is 9-13. The artefact comes from the tomb number 14.
The inscription is continuous and it is not difficult to identify the layout of some letters, since except for some variations the text is a reproduction of Is 1. The engraving is also not very accurate and displays various contradictions when it comes to orientation (it could be considered  sinistroverse based on the orientation of alpha, nu and latinized tau). It should be taken into account that the orientation of lambda is irregular. The final letter is almost completely missing.
|bibliography=B. Pellegrini & A. L. Prosdocimi (1967). ''La lingua venetica.'' Padova: Istituto di glottologia dell´Università di Padova, Circolo linguistico fiorentino, 1967, pp. 591–597.
|imageCaption=Drawing: Ida Murgelj © Narodni muzej Slovenije / National Museum of Slovenia, courtesy of Naturhistorisches Museum Wien (Prähistorische Abteilung)
|test=<div id="slikce"><img id="h1" src="venetianLetters/h1.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="a1r" src="venetianLetters/a1r.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="t1" src="venetianLetters/t1.png"><img id="o2" src="venetianLetters/o2.png"><img id="r1r" src="venetianLetters/r1r.png"><img id="v2" src="venetianLetters/v2.png"><img id="spacebar-letter" src="venetianLetters/spacebar-letter.png"><img id="h1" src="venetianLetters/h1.png"><img id="a1r" src="venetianLetters/a1r.png"><img id="n" src="venetianLetters/n.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="v2" src="venetianLetters/v2.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="h1" src="venetianLetters/h1.png"><img id="a1r" src="venetianLetters/a1r.png"><img id="p1r" src="venetianLetters/p1r.png"></div>
}}

Is 3

2024-05-10T14:50:34Z

LukaRepansek:

{{Inscription
|trasnliteration=luk.s. .m.elink.s. ga.i.jo.s. kab
|object=bronze plaque
|script=Venetic alphabet
|language=Venetic
|direction=dextroverse
|technique=incised
|condition=fragmentary
|findspot=Idrija pri Bači
|context=grave
|date=1st c. BC
|commentary=The artefact features a fragment of a bronze plaque with a rounded surface, perhaps belonging to a container. It exhibits traces of holes and tacks. Length: 78, width: 18-20. The inscription is carved with light strokes and runs from left to right within three bands marked by horizontal lines. The first line measures 60 and the second one 65. In the initial part of the third line only traces of two letters are visible. The height of the letters varies between 8 and 11.
In the first row the initial lambda has an oblique hasta that is pointed in an unusual direction. Since a slight dash pointing to the right emerges at the bottom, it seems that the engraver hesitated when writing. Szombathy noted that the second lambda in the first row is carved much better than the others, therefore it should be deemed as an exception. A hasta ran along a fissure in the piece. A crack runs across the track of the initial chi in the second row. In the third place of the second row three vertical parallel lines are followed by a letter which is difficult to identify (double reversed angular c). After the punctuated sigma the fissure probably passes through an uninscribed segment of the piece, which is followed by clearly inscribed kappa, alpha and phi. The authors of the article believe, that it is very likely not possible to identify ''sam'' in the third row, in contrast to the opinion of Szombathy. Due to the rest of the inscription missing, traces of two letters are very difficult to identify.
The authors prefer to identify the seventh letter in the first row as lambda, which was also suggested by Lejeune. The punctuation of the initial m is unusual. In the second row the letters in the 3rd and 4th place probably denote yod. In any case it is likely that the inscription in the second row denotes a name of a man, whose ''praenomen ''is preserved in a latinized form (''Gaius'') and is followed by a ''nomen'', of which only the first three letters remain (''Kab-''). The authors note, that Lejeune proposed the following interpretation: ''Luc(iu)s Mel(o)n(i)c(iu)s Gaesos capsam dedit/fecit'', but that it is more likely that the inscription contained names of two people, which were already latinized (''Lucius Melincius (et) Gaius Cab-'').
|bibliography=B. Pellegrini & A. L. Prosdocimi (1967). ''La lingua venetica.'' Padova: Istituto di glottologia dell´Università di Padova, Circolo linguistico fiorentino, pp. 591–597.
|imageCaption=Drawing: Ida Murgelj © Narodni muzej Slovenije / National Museum of Slovenia, courtesy of Naturhistorisches Museum Wien (Prähistorische Abteilung)
|test=<div id="slikce"><img id="l2" src="venetianLetters/l2.png"><img id="u2" src="venetianLetters/u2.png"><img id="k1" src="venetianLetters/k1.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="s1" src="venetianLetters/s1.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="m2r" src="venetianLetters/m2r.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="e3" src="venetianLetters/e3.png"><img id="p1" src="venetianLetters/p1.png"><img id="i" src="venetianLetters/i.png"><img id="nr" src="venetianLetters/nr.png"><img id="k1" src="venetianLetters/k1.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="s1r" src="venetianLetters/s1r.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="spacebar-letter" src="venetianLetters/spacebar-letter.png"><img id="g1" src="venetianLetters/g1.png"><img id="a2" src="venetianLetters/a2.png"><img id="j3" src="venetianLetters/j3.png"><img id="j2" src="venetianLetters/j2.png"><img id="o1" src="venetianLetters/o1.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="s1r" src="venetianLetters/s1r.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="spacebar-letter" src="venetianLetters/spacebar-letter.png"><img id="k1" src="venetianLetters/k1.png"><img id="a2" src="venetianLetters/a2.png"><img id="b1" src="venetianLetters/b1.png"></div>
}}

Is 2

2024-05-10T14:50:22Z

LukaRepansek:

{{Inscription
|trasnliteration=la.i..vna.i. vrot.a(.).i.
|object=bronze vessel
|script=Isonzian Venetic alphabet
|language=Venetic
|direction=sinistroverse
|technique=incised
|condition=damaged
|findspot=Idrija pri Bači
|context=grave
|culture=the Sveta Lucija Hallstatt cultural group
|date=4th-3rd c. BC
|commentary=Bronze pitcher is almost intact. It has a large loop handle with a curved horn. Height: 40, diameter: 70. The central lining features decorations, composed of rods and crosses. The inscription was carved under the brim with very light strokes. It starts from the right of the handle. The inscription measures approximately 125, the height of the letters is 9-13. The artefact comes from the tomb number 14.
The inscription is continuous and it is not difficult to identify the layout of some letters, since except for some variations the text is a reproduction of Is 1. The engraving is also not very accurate and displays various contradictions when it comes to orientation (it could be considered  sinistroverse based on the orientation of alpha, nu and latinized tau). It should be taken into account that the orientation of lambda is irregular. The final letter is almost completely missing.
|bibliography=B. Pellegrini & A. L. Prosdocimi (1967). ''La lingua venetica.'' Padova: Istituto di glottologia dell´Università di Padova, Circolo linguistico fiorentino, 1967, pp. 591–597.
|imageCaption=Drawing: Ida Murgelj © Narodni muzej Slovenije / National Museum of Slovenia, courtesy of Naturhistorisches Museum Wien (Prähistorische Abteilung)
|test=<div id="slikce"><img id="h1" src="venetianLetters/h1.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="a1r" src="venetianLetters/a1r.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="t1" src="venetianLetters/t1.png"><img id="o2" src="venetianLetters/o2.png"><img id="r1r" src="venetianLetters/r1r.png"><img id="v2" src="venetianLetters/v2.png"><img id="spacebar-letter" src="venetianLetters/spacebar-letter.png"><img id="h1" src="venetianLetters/h1.png"><img id="a1r" src="venetianLetters/a1r.png"><img id="n" src="venetianLetters/n.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="v2" src="venetianLetters/v2.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="h1" src="venetianLetters/h1.png"><img id="a1r" src="venetianLetters/a1r.png"><img id="p1r" src="venetianLetters/p1r.png"></div>
}}

Is 1

2024-05-10T14:50:10Z

LukaRepansek:

{{Inscription
|trasnliteration=la.i..v.n.a.i. v.rot.a..i.
|object=bronze vessel
|script=Isonzian Venetic alphabet
|language=Venetic
|direction=dextroverse
|technique=incised
|condition=non-fragmentary
|findspot=Idrija pri Bači
|context=grave
|culture=the Sveta Lucija Hallstatt cultural group
|date=4th-3rd c. BC
|commentary=The artefact is a small bronze vessel. Height: 45, diameter: 135. Under the outer brim there is a band decorated with triangles crossed by lines. There are traces of a handle that was fixed with a tack. The artefact comes from the tomb number 14. The inscription is carved with very light strokes and is under the decorative band. It measures 115. The height of the letters varies between 9 and 12. It should be noted that the inscription is not perfectly continuous and that the unwritten space separates the two words.
The initial character in the form of venetic tau probably serves a decorative purpose and is not part of the inscription. The use of an archaic form of heta in contrast to already latinized tau is peculiar. What is also unusual is that alpha precedes and follows a punctuation. It should also be noted that omicron has a rhombic shape with a protruding hasta. It is very likely that heta is used to denote ''.i.'', because the signs of heta and .i. were previously confused for one another, probably due to one of the variations for heta being similar to punctuated i.
The text is a gamonym expressed in dative, probably dative of possession with reference to the object. It cannot be excluded that it is a name of a deity.
|bibliography=B. Pellegrini & A. L. Prosdocimi (1967). ''La lingua venetica.'' Padova: Istituto di glottologia dell´Università di Padova, Circolo linguistico fiorentino, pp. 591–597.
|imageCaption=Drawing: Ida Murgelj © Narodni muzej Slovenije / National Museum of Slovenia, courtesy of Naturhistorisches Museum Wien (Prähistorische Abteilung)
|test=<div id="slikce"><img id="p1r" src="venetianLetters/p1r.png"><img id="a1" src="venetianLetters/a1.png"><img id="h1" src="venetianLetters/h1.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="v2r" src="venetianLetters/v2r.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="m1r" src="venetianLetters/m1r.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="a1r" src="venetianLetters/a1r.png"><img id="h1" src="venetianLetters/h1.png"><img id="spacebar-letter" src="venetianLetters/spacebar-letter.png"><img id="v1r" src="venetianLetters/v1r.png"><img id="r3" src="venetianLetters/r3.png"><img id="o2" src="venetianLetters/o2.png"><img id="t1" src="venetianLetters/t1.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="a4" src="venetianLetters/a4.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="h1" src="venetianLetters/h1.png"></div>
}}

About Page

2024-05-09T19:06:27Z

LukaRepansek:

Corpus inscriptionum Veneticarum Sloveniae (CIVES) is an electronic database of inscriptions in the Venetic alphabet discovered in the territory of modern Slovenia, which in geographical terms approximately corresponds to the south-eastern Alpine region. Apart from these, the database also contains pre-Roman inscriptions from the same region produced in other varieties of the North Italic script. The database is expected to grow with the addition of any potential new finds to the extant corpus.
The corpus was designed and set up in the framework of the student project for sustainable development (call RSF C.III.1: Vključevanje lokalnih, regionalnih in globalnih izzivov trajnostnega razvoja, interdisciplinarnosti in STEAM pristopov v študijski proces) funded by the University of Ljubljana (February–April 2024) and led by Dr. Luka Repanšek.
The contributors are:
<ul>
<li>Asst. Prof. Dr. Luka Repanšek (mentor), Dep. of Comparative and General Linguistics, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana</li>
<li>Klara Eva Draškovič (BA student), Dep. of Comparative and General Linguistics, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana</li>
<li>Patricija Kreševec (MA student), Dep. of Comparative and General Linguistics, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana</li>
<li>Luka Markošek (BA student), Dep. of Comparative and General Linguistics, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana</li>
<li>Matic Velikonja (MA student), Dep. of Comparative and General Linguistics, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana</li>
</ul>
The database is based on the MediaWiki open-source application and was designed by Gašper Čulk, Lovro Napotnik and Klemen Slatnar (Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana) under the mentorship of Asst. Dr. Marko Poženel (Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana) and Mr. Miroslav Romih (Amebis d.o.o).

<h2>Acknowledgements</h2>
We wish to express gratitude to Dr. Boštjan Laharnar (National Museum of Slovenia) and Dr. Georg Tiefengraber (Naturhistorisches Museum Wien) for their invaluable help with renewed autopsy of Is 1, Is 2, Is 3 and the inscription from Vintarjevec, and to Ms. Ida Murgelj for providing high-quality drawings for the database.

<h2>Pre-Roman Inscriptions in the South-Eastern Alpine Region: An Overview</h2>
Written culture in the south-eastern Alpine region traces its beginnings to the 4th century BC. All pre-Roman inscriptions carry the mark of the so-called North Italic epigraphic tradition. Ca. 50 pre-Roman inscriptions have been unearthed so far. 27 of these came to light in different parts of modern-day Slovenia (of these, one is lost and another lost but luckily preserved in transcription): ten of them in north-western Slovenia (one only reported but now lost), eight in the littoral, three in central Slovenia and six in north-eastern Slovenia.

The group of 27 inscriptions form two clusters: a) inscriptions in the Venetic alphabet, which represent the majority of the data, and b) non-Venetic inscriptions. The latter group consists of inscriptions in alphabets that clearly form part of the Northern Italic epigraphic tradition but differ from the purely Venetic script or are not unambiguously recognizable as being Venetic in nature.

The 18 Venetic inscriptions form two major clusters. The first is found in the upper Posočje (Isonzo) region and spans the area between the Soča (Isonzo)-knee and the upper Idrijca valley. The oldest inscriptions date to the 4th c. BC, while the youngest fall into the last decades of the 2nd c. and 1st c. BC. The recent layer of these inscriptions is typologically connected to the so-called Gailtal cluster (i.e. Gurina, Würmlach/Bumlje) to the north and the East Carnic group of inscriptions to the west (such as the inscriptions from Verzegnis and Zuglio Carnico).

The second major cluster is formed by the south-western group of inscriptions in Northern Istria and Slovenian Karst up to Knežak in the East and up to Štanjel in the North. These too date to the late 5th or early 4th c. BC, while the youngest inscriptions fall into the 2nd and 1st c. BC. An outlier is represented by the now lost inscription from a cult site at Mala gora above Moste. Another Venetic rock (?) inscription was reported a few decades ago to have been found near Jesenice. If that is correct, it would probably be shown to form a coherent cluster with the Mala gora inscription. The majority of the eight inscriptions in the Isonzo cluster are autochthonous, given that they display systematically recurring local innovations and peculiarities that are not shared by any other version of the Venetic alphabet. These inscriptions therefore undoubtedly represent the oldest autochthonous written documents in the south-eastern Alpine region.

As far as the south-western group is concerned, however, they correspond epigraphically to the standard type of the Venetic alphabet as used in central, non-peripheral areas. There is no reason to doubt that at least some of them might be autochthonous (Ts 1, for example) rather than imported (as seems to be the case for *Ts 4).

The remaining 9 pre-Roman inscriptions not produced in the Venetic alphabet, on the other hand, are heterogeneous and do not form any significant clusters. The two inscriptions found in central Slovenia that have been applied to helmets are Etruscan and Rhaetic, while the inscription from Vintarjevec is less unambiguous, though it is clear that the alphabet is North Italic in nature. All these inscriptions are relatively old, dating back to the 5th/4th, maybe 3rd c. BC at the latest.

Equally heterogeneous are the two Negau helmets from Ženjak near Negova in north-eastern Slovenia. The Negau B helmet carries the oldest Germanic inscription found to-date and belongs to the late 5th or early 4th c. BC (possibly 250 BC at the very latest, though the later date is not in fact supported by the archaeological data nor does it seem likely on epigraphical grounds). The inscription lacks syllabic punctuation altogether and uses the Etruscan three-bar heta in the sound value /h/ as well as the Etruscan prototype of the tau for the sound value /t/, which speaks in favour of the fact that the inscription must be fairly early and seems to belong to a separate epigraphical horizon than the inscriptions in the Venetic alphabet. The so-called Negau A helmet carries four different inscriptions, applied in two different techniques. The linguistically indubitably Gaulish inscription dubni banuabi very clearly does not belong to the Venetic writing tradition, which is obvious from the differing shape of the phi and the use of dzeta to represent a sound /d/ in such an early inscription. The remaining three seem to be specifically Rhaetic. The third epigraphic document from the north-eastern group is the youngest pre-Roman inscription found in the south-eastern Alpine region and at the same time also the most peculiar. Its language is almost undoubtedly Gaulish, while the alphabet is clearly North Italic in nature, but the way that the North Etruscan alphabet is used in this case finds no parallel in the entire corpus of inscriptions in the North Italic alphabet. Features like the use of Latinate B in the sound value /b/ could be seen as corroborating its lateness, but the use of theta in the value /d/ is basically unparalleled. The Ptuj/Pettau inscription thus represents a sole survival of an entirely independent epigraphic tradition. The same has been claimed for the two inscriptions on the (equally relatively late) plate from Magdalensberg in Carinthia, often said to feature the so-called “Norican script”, but that is not necessarily so. All its features make it quite possibly epigraphically Venetic or at least there exists no reason why that would be in any way ambiguous.

(L. Repanšek)

Is 3

2024-05-09T19:01:10Z

LukaRepansek:

{{Inscription
|trasnliteration=luk.s. .m.elink.s. ga.i.jo.s. kab
|object=bronze plaque
|script=Venetic alphabet
|language=Venetic
|direction=dextroverse
|technique=incised
|condition=fragmentary
|findspot=Idrija pri Bači
|context=grave
|date=1st c. BC
|commentary=The artefact features a fragment of a bronze plaque with a rounded surface, perhaps belonging to a container. It exhibits traces of holes and tacks. Length: 78, width: 18-20. The inscription is carved with light strokes and runs from left to right within three bands marked by horizontal lines. The first line measures 60 and the second one 65. In the initial part of the third line only traces of two letters are visible. The height of the letters varies between 8 and 11.
In the first row the initial lambda has an oblique hasta that is pointed in an unusual direction. Since a slight dash pointing to the right emerges at the bottom, it seems that the engraver hesitated when writing. Szombathy noted that the second lambda in the first row is carved much better than the others, therefore it should be deemed as an exception. A hasta ran along a fissure in the piece. A crack runs across the track of the initial chi in the second row. In the third place of the second row three vertical parallel lines are followed by a letter which is difficult to identify (double reversed angular c). After the punctuated sigma the fissure probably passes through an uninscribed segment of the piece, which is followed by clearly inscribed kappa, alpha and phi. The authors of the article believe, that it is very likely not possible to identify ''sam'' in the third row, in contrast to the opinion of Szombathy. Due to the rest of the inscription missing, traces of two letters are very difficult to identify.
The authors prefer to identify the seventh letter in the first row as lambda, which was also suggested by Lejeune. The punctuation of the initial m is unusual. In the second row the letters in the 3rd and 4th place probably denote yod. In any case it is likely that the inscription in the second row denotes a name of a man, whose ''praenomen ''is preserved in a latinized form (''Gaius'') and is followed by a ''nomen'', of which only the first three letters remain (''Kab-''). The authors note, that Lejeune proposed the following interpretation: ''Luc(iu)s Mel(o)n(i)c(iu)s Gaesos capsam dedit/fecit'', but that it is more likely that the inscription contained names of two people, which were already latinized (''Lucius Melincius (et) Gaius Cab-'').
|bibliography=B. Pellegrini & A. L. Prosdocimi (1967). ''La lingua venetica.'' Padova: Istituto di glottologia dell´Università di Padova, Circolo linguistico fiorentino, pp. 591–597.
|file=Is 3.jpg
|imageCaption=Drawing: Ida Murgelj © Narodni muzej Slovenije / National Museum of Slovenia, courtesy of Naturhistorisches Museum Wien (Prähistorische Abteilung)
|test=<div id="slikce"><img id="l2" src="venetianLetters/l2.png"><img id="u2" src="venetianLetters/u2.png"><img id="k1" src="venetianLetters/k1.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="s1" src="venetianLetters/s1.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="m2r" src="venetianLetters/m2r.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="e3" src="venetianLetters/e3.png"><img id="p1" src="venetianLetters/p1.png"><img id="i" src="venetianLetters/i.png"><img id="nr" src="venetianLetters/nr.png"><img id="k1" src="venetianLetters/k1.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="s1r" src="venetianLetters/s1r.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="spacebar-letter" src="venetianLetters/spacebar-letter.png"><img id="g1" src="venetianLetters/g1.png"><img id="a2" src="venetianLetters/a2.png"><img id="j3" src="venetianLetters/j3.png"><img id="j2" src="venetianLetters/j2.png"><img id="o1" src="venetianLetters/o1.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="s1r" src="venetianLetters/s1r.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="spacebar-letter" src="venetianLetters/spacebar-letter.png"><img id="k1" src="venetianLetters/k1.png"><img id="a2" src="venetianLetters/a2.png"><img id="b1" src="venetianLetters/b1.png"></div>
}}

File:Is 3.jpg

2024-05-09T19:00:57Z

LukaRepansek:

Is 2

2024-05-09T18:59:44Z

LukaRepansek:

{{Inscription
|trasnliteration=la.i..vna.i. vrot.a(.).i.
|object=bronze vessel
|script=Isonzian Venetic alphabet
|language=Venetic
|direction=sinistroverse
|technique=incised
|condition=damaged
|findspot=Idrija pri Bači
|context=grave
|culture=the Sveta Lucija Hallstatt cultural group
|date=4th-3rd c. BC
|commentary=Bronze pitcher is almost intact. It has a large loop handle with a curved horn. Height: 40, diameter: 70. The central lining features decorations, composed of rods and crosses. The inscription was carved under the brim with very light strokes. It starts from the right of the handle. The inscription measures approximately 125, the height of the letters is 9-13. The artefact comes from the tomb number 14.
The inscription is continuous and it is not difficult to identify the layout of some letters, since except for some variations the text is a reproduction of Is 1. The engraving is also not very accurate and displays various contradictions when it comes to orientation (it could be considered  sinistroverse based on the orientation of alpha, nu and latinized tau). It should be taken into account that the orientation of lambda is irregular. The final letter is almost completely missing.
|bibliography=B. Pellegrini & A. L. Prosdocimi (1967). ''La lingua venetica.'' Padova: Istituto di glottologia dell´Università di Padova, Circolo linguistico fiorentino, 1967, pp. 591–597.
|file=Is 2.jpg
|imageCaption=Drawing: Ida Murgelj © Narodni muzej Slovenije / National Museum of Slovenia, courtesy of Naturhistorisches Museum Wien (Prähistorische Abteilung)
|test=<div id="slikce"><img id="h1" src="venetianLetters/h1.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="a1r" src="venetianLetters/a1r.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="t1" src="venetianLetters/t1.png"><img id="o2" src="venetianLetters/o2.png"><img id="r1r" src="venetianLetters/r1r.png"><img id="v2" src="venetianLetters/v2.png"><img id="spacebar-letter" src="venetianLetters/spacebar-letter.png"><img id="h1" src="venetianLetters/h1.png"><img id="a1r" src="venetianLetters/a1r.png"><img id="n" src="venetianLetters/n.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="v2" src="venetianLetters/v2.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="h1" src="venetianLetters/h1.png"><img id="a1r" src="venetianLetters/a1r.png"><img id="p1r" src="venetianLetters/p1r.png"></div>
}}

File:Is 2.jpg

2024-05-09T18:59:22Z

LukaRepansek:

Is 1

2024-05-09T18:58:58Z

LukaRepansek:

{{Inscription
|trasnliteration=la.i..v.n.a.i. v.rot.a..i.
|object=bronze vessel
|script=Isonzian Venetic alphabet
|language=Venetic
|direction=dextroverse
|technique=incised
|condition=non-fragmentary
|findspot=Idrija pri Bači
|context=grave
|culture=the Sveta Lucija Hallstatt cultural group
|date=4th-3rd c. BC
|commentary=The artefact is a small bronze vessel. Height: 45, diameter: 135. Under the outer brim there is a band decorated with triangles crossed by lines. There are traces of a handle that was fixed with a tack. The artefact comes from the tomb number 14. The inscription is carved with very light strokes and is under the decorative band. It measures 115. The height of the letters varies between 9 and 12. It should be noted that the inscription is not perfectly continuous and that the unwritten space separates the two words.
The initial character in the form of venetic tau probably serves a decorative purpose and is not part of the inscription. The use of an archaic form of heta in contrast to already latinized tau is peculiar. What is also unusual is that alpha precedes and follows a punctuation. It should also be noted that omicron has a rhombic shape with a protruding hasta. It is very likely that heta is used to denote ''.i.'', because the signs of heta and .i. were previously confused for one another, probably due to one of the variations for heta being similar to punctuated i.
The text is a gamonym expressed in dative, probably dative of possession with reference to the object. It cannot be excluded that it is a name of a deity.
|bibliography=B. Pellegrini & A. L. Prosdocimi (1967). ''La lingua venetica.'' Padova: Istituto di glottologia dell´Università di Padova, Circolo linguistico fiorentino, pp. 591–597.
|file=Is 1.jpg
|imageCaption=Drawing: Ida Murgelj © Narodni muzej Slovenije / National Museum of Slovenia, courtesy of Naturhistorisches Museum Wien (Prähistorische Abteilung)
|test=<div id="slikce"><img id="p1r" src="venetianLetters/p1r.png"><img id="a1" src="venetianLetters/a1.png"><img id="h1" src="venetianLetters/h1.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="v2r" src="venetianLetters/v2r.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="m1r" src="venetianLetters/m1r.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="a1r" src="venetianLetters/a1r.png"><img id="h1" src="venetianLetters/h1.png"><img id="spacebar-letter" src="venetianLetters/spacebar-letter.png"><img id="v1r" src="venetianLetters/v1r.png"><img id="r3" src="venetianLetters/r3.png"><img id="o2" src="venetianLetters/o2.png"><img id="t1" src="venetianLetters/t1.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="a4" src="venetianLetters/a4.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="h1" src="venetianLetters/h1.png"></div>
}}

File:Is 1.jpg

2024-05-09T18:57:24Z

LukaRepansek:

Ptuj

2024-05-08T20:26:50Z

LukaRepansek:

{{Inscription
|trasnliteration=artebudʣ brogdui
|object=ceramic pot
|script=idiosyncratic North Italic script
|language=Gaulish
|direction=sinistroverse
|technique=scratched post cocturam
|condition=non-fragmentary
|findspot=Spodnja Hajdina
|culture=Roman imperial period
|date=2nd-3rd c. AD
|commentary=The pot is 8,3 cm in height and 8,1 cm in width. The surface is rough. There are a few larger holes and remains of a poorly preserved brown-red coating. Where the coating is missing, the surface is stained. The container is very similar to the most common local pottery in Poetovio, but it differs from it in that there are holes on the surface. The Inscription was scratched on the surface after firing. The pot shows no traces of secondary burning. Because of the simple shape of the pot it is difficult to accurately date it by itself. It does, however, clearly belong to the Roman-provincial ceramics. The ceramics show the peculiarities of the local fired Poetovian ceramics. In the same grave as the pot an oil lamp, which was dated with certainty to the second and third centuries AD, was found. Based on this the pot was also dated to the second and third centuries AD.
The alphabet used in the inscription shows a combination of letter forms and orthographic features which is not known from any other alphabet. Upsilon  is well-known in archaic Greek and Italic alphabets, but marginal in the North Italic ones. Identification of theta is based on the presence of beta and phonotactic reasons. The letter , which Eichner identifies as zeta, occurs in the Raetic inscription PU-1, where it probably denotes a media or lenis. The letters beta, epsilon and alpha are Latin. The alphabet is latinized, which makes sense given the late dating of the object. The spelling of obstruents does not follow any rules in North Italic alphabets. Pi and kappa are absent. Latin beta is used for /b/, but chi still denotes /g/ as in Venetic. Since all Venetic alphabets have switched the dental letters, the use of tau for /t/ and theta for /d/ indicates that we are not concerned with a latinized Venetic alphabet. Zeta appears to be used for a dental affricate as in Etruscan. It is surprising to find Old Italic/North Italic letter forms this late, as the vernacular writing traditions of Northern Italy are considered to have ceased in the late 1st century BC. Eichner (p. 137 f.) assumes that this alphabet was formed around the middle of the 1st millennium BC (with reference to archaic upsilon) and that the present inscription is the solitary witness of an independent script province in the Eastern Alps.
Eichner interpretes the text as two bipartite Celtic names. There are three possible analyses of the second name:
''brogdui'' as patronymic genitive ''brogdu-''''ī'''''''' → 'Artebuds son of Brogduos''''
'''''brogdui'''''''' as benefactive genitive ''brogdu-''''''''ī'' → 'Artebuds for Brogduos'
''brogdui'' as dative ''brogd-''''ūy'' → 'Artebuds for Brogdos'      
|bibliography=Stifter, David et al. (eds.), ''Lexicon leponticum''. https://lexlep.univie.ac.at/ <February 15th, 2024>
Eichner, Heiner, Istenič, Janka & Lovenjak, Milan (1994). Ein römerzeitliches Keramikgefäß aus Ptuj (Pettau, Poetovio) in Slowenien mit Inschrift in unbekanntem Alphabet und epichorischer (vermutlich keltischer) Sprache. ''Arheološki vestnik'' 45, pp. 131–142.
|file=Ptuj_scan.jpg
|imageCaption=Drawing: Ida Murgelj © Narodni muzej Slovenije / National Museum of Slovenia (after Veronika Diederen, © Arheološki vestnik (Research Centre at the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts))
|test=<div id="slikce"><img id="i" src="venetianLetters/i.png"><img id="u3" src="venetianLetters/u3.png"><img id="d4" src="venetianLetters/d4.png"><img id="g1" src="venetianLetters/g1.png"><img id="o4" src="venetianLetters/o4.png"><img id="r2r" src="venetianLetters/r2r.png"><img id="b3r" src="venetianLetters/b3r.png"><img id="spacebar-letter" src="venetianLetters/spacebar-letter.png"><img id="z1" src="venetianLetters/z1.png"><img id="d4" src="venetianLetters/d4.png"><img id="u3" src="venetianLetters/u3.png"><img id="b3r" src="venetianLetters/b3r.png"><img id="e2r" src="venetianLetters/e2r.png"><img id="t4" src="venetianLetters/t4.png"><img id="r2r" src="venetianLetters/r2r.png"><img id="a5" src="venetianLetters/a5.png"></div>
}}

Ptuj

2024-05-08T20:26:05Z

LukaRepansek:

{{Inscription
|trasnliteration=artebudʣ brogdui
|object=ceramic pot
|script=idiosyncratic North Italic script
|language=Gaulish
|direction=sinistroverse
|technique=scratched post cocturam
|condition=non-fragmentary
|findspot=Spodnja Hajdina
|culture=Roman imperial period
|date=2nd-3rd c. AD
|commentary=The pot is 8,3 cm in height and 8,1 cm in width. The surface is rough. There are a few larger holes and remains of a poorly preserved brown-red coating. Where the coating is missing, the surface is stained. The container is very similar to the most common local pottery in Poetovio, but it differs from it in that there are holes on the surface. The Inscription was scratched on the surface after firing. The pot shows no traces of secondary burning. Because of the simple shape of the pot it is difficult to accurately date it by itself. It does, however, clearly belong to the Roman-provincial ceramics. The ceramics show the peculiarities of the local fired Poetovian ceramics. In the same grave as the pot an oil lamp, which was dated with certainty to the second and third centuries AD, was found. Based on this the pot was also dated to the second and third centuries AD.
The alphabet used in the inscription shows a combination of letter forms and orthographic features which is not known from any other alphabet. Upsilon  is well-known in archaic Greek and Italic alphabets, but marginal in the North Italic ones. Identification of theta is based on the presence of beta and phonotactic reasons. The letter , which Eichner identifies as zeta, occurs in the Raetic inscription PU-1, where it probably denotes a media or lenis. The letters beta, epsilon and alpha are Latin. The alphabet is latinized, which makes sense given the late dating of the object. The spelling of obstruents does not follow any rules in North Italic alphabets. Pi and kappa are absent. Latin beta is used for /b/, but chi still denotes /g/ as in Venetic. Since all Venetic alphabets have switched the dental letters, the use of tau for /t/ and theta for /d/ indicates that we are not concerned with a latinized Venetic alphabet. Zeta appears to be used for a dental affricate as in Etruscan. It is surprising to find Old Italic/North Italic letter forms this late, as the vernacular writing traditions of Northern Italy are considered to have ceased in the late 1st century BC. Eichner (p. 137 f.) assumes that this alphabet was formed around the middle of the 1st millennium BC (with reference to archaic upsilon) and that the present inscription is the solitary witness of an independent script province in the Eastern Alps.
Eichner interpretes the text as two bipartite Celtic names. There are three possible analyses of the second name:
''brogdui'' as patronymic genitive ''brogdu-''''ī'''''''' → 'Artebuds son of Brogduos''''
'''''brogdui'''''''' as benefactive genitive ''brogdu-''''''''ī'' → 'Artebuds for Brogduos'
''brogdui'' as dative ''brogd-''''ūy'' → 'Artebuds for Brogdos'      
|bibliography=Stifter, David et al. (eds.), ''Lexicon leponticum''. https://lexlep.univie.ac.at/ <February 15th, 2024>
Eichner, Heiner, Istenič, Janka & Lovenjak, Milan (1994). Ein römerzeitliches Keramikgefäß aus Ptuj (Pettau, Poetovio) in Slowenien mit Inschrift in unbekanntem Alphabet und epichorischer (vermutlich keltischer) Sprache. ''Arheološki vestnik'' 45, pp. 131–142.
|file=Ptuj_scan.jpg
|imageCaption=Drawing: Ida Murgelj © Narodni muzej Slovenije / National Museum of Slovenia after Drawing: Veronika Diederen © Arheološki vestnik (Research Centre at the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts))
|test=<div id="slikce"><img id="i" src="venetianLetters/i.png"><img id="u3" src="venetianLetters/u3.png"><img id="d4" src="venetianLetters/d4.png"><img id="g1" src="venetianLetters/g1.png"><img id="o4" src="venetianLetters/o4.png"><img id="r2r" src="venetianLetters/r2r.png"><img id="b3r" src="venetianLetters/b3r.png"><img id="spacebar-letter" src="venetianLetters/spacebar-letter.png"><img id="z1" src="venetianLetters/z1.png"><img id="d4" src="venetianLetters/d4.png"><img id="u3" src="venetianLetters/u3.png"><img id="b3r" src="venetianLetters/b3r.png"><img id="e2r" src="venetianLetters/e2r.png"><img id="t4" src="venetianLetters/t4.png"><img id="r2r" src="venetianLetters/r2r.png"><img id="a5" src="venetianLetters/a5.png"></div>
}}

Vintarjevec

2024-05-08T20:25:26Z

LukaRepansek:

{{Inscription
|trasnliteration=bat:rạ
|object=stone (a ciottolone?)
|script=Venetoid North Italic script
|language=unknown
|direction=sinistroverse
|technique=carved
|condition=fragmentary
|findspot=Vintarjevec
|context=prehistoric settlement
|date=4th-3rd c. BC (possibly 1st c. BC at the latest)
|commentary=The object was found in the ruins of a 4th or 3rd century BC house. The fragment is in poor shape and barely legible, so it is not currently possible to determine the script or language. Pellegrini (1981) proposes a Venetic or Etruscan orthography based on the punctuation mark that seems to follow the third letter, suggesting a reading of ''?]vas. ri [.''
|bibliography=Laharnar, Boštjan & Turk, Peter (2017).'' Železnodobne zgodbe s stičišča svetov''. Ljubljana: Narodni muzej Slovenije, p. 142''.''
Pellegrini, Giovan Battista (1981). Osservazioni epigrafiche. ''Arheološki vestnik ''23, pp. 311–314.
|file=Vintarjevec_kamen z napisom .jpg
|imageCaption=Drawing: Ida Murgelj © Narodni muzej Slovenije / National Museum of Slovenia
|test=<div id="slikce"><img id="a1r" src="venetianLetters/a1r.png"><img id="r4r" src="venetianLetters/r4r.png"><img id="spacebar-letter" src="venetianLetters/spacebar-letter.png"><img id="t1" src="venetianLetters/t1.png"><img id="a4" src="venetianLetters/a4.png"><img id="b3r" src="venetianLetters/b3r.png"></div>
}}

File:Vintarjevec kamen z napisom .jpg

2024-05-08T20:25:21Z

LukaRepansek:

Ptuj

2024-05-08T12:06:04Z

LukaRepansek:

{{Inscription
|trasnliteration=artebudʣ brogdui
|object=ceramic pot
|script=idiosyncratic North Italic script
|language=Gaulish
|direction=sinistroverse
|technique=scratched post cocturam
|condition=non-fragmentary
|findspot=Spodnja Hajdina
|culture=Roman imperial period
|date=2nd-3rd c. AD
|commentary=The pot is 8,3 cm in height and 8,1 cm in width. The surface is rough. There are a few larger holes and remains of a poorly preserved brown-red coating. Where the coating is missing, the surface is stained. The container is very similar to the most common local pottery in Poetovio, but it differs from it in that there are holes on the surface. The Inscription was scratched on the surface after firing. The pot shows no traces of secondary burning. Because of the simple shape of the pot it is difficult to accurately date it by itself. It does, however, clearly belong to the Roman-provincial ceramics. The ceramics show the peculiarities of the local fired Poetovian ceramics. In the same grave as the pot an oil lamp, which was dated with certainty to the second and third centuries AD, was found. Based on this the pot was also dated to the second and third centuries AD.
The alphabet used in the inscription shows a combination of letter forms and orthographic features which is not known from any other alphabet. Upsilon  is well-known in archaic Greek and Italic alphabets, but marginal in the North Italic ones. Identification of theta is based on the presence of beta and phonotactic reasons. The letter , which Eichner identifies as zeta, occurs in the Raetic inscription PU-1, where it probably denotes a media or lenis. The letters beta, epsilon and alpha are Latin. The alphabet is latinized, which makes sense given the late dating of the object. The spelling of obstruents does not follow any rules in North Italic alphabets. Pi and kappa are absent. Latin beta is used for /b/, but chi still denotes /g/ as in Venetic. Since all Venetic alphabets have switched the dental letters, the use of tau for /t/ and theta for /d/ indicates that we are not concerned with a latinized Venetic alphabet. Zeta appears to be used for a dental affricate as in Etruscan. It is surprising to find Old Italic/North Italic letter forms this late, as the vernacular writing traditions of Northern Italy are considered to have ceased in the late 1st century BC. Eichner (p. 137 f.) assumes that this alphabet was formed around the middle of the 1st millennium BC (with reference to archaic upsilon) and that the present inscription is the solitary witness of an independent script province in the Eastern Alps.
Eichner interpretes the text as two bipartite Celtic names. There are three possible analyses of the second name:
''brogdui'' as patronymic genitive ''brogdu-''''ī'''''''' → 'Artebuds son of Brogduos''''
'''''brogdui'''''''' as benefactive genitive ''brogdu-''''''''ī'' → 'Artebuds for Brogduos'
''brogdui'' as dative ''brogd-''''ūy'' → 'Artebuds for Brogdos'      
|bibliography=Stifter, David et al. (eds.), ''Lexicon leponticum''. https://lexlep.univie.ac.at/ <February 15th, 2024>
Eichner, Heiner, Istenič, Janka & Lovenjak, Milan (1994). Ein römerzeitliches Keramikgefäß aus Ptuj (Pettau, Poetovio) in Slowenien mit Inschrift in unbekanntem Alphabet und epichorischer (vermutlich keltischer) Sprache. ''Arheološki vestnik'' 45, pp. 131–142.
|file=Ptuj_scan.jpg
|imageCaption=Drawing: Veronika Diederen © Arheološki vestnik (Research Centre at the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts))
|test=<div id="slikce"><img id="i" src="venetianLetters/i.png"><img id="u3" src="venetianLetters/u3.png"><img id="d4" src="venetianLetters/d4.png"><img id="g1" src="venetianLetters/g1.png"><img id="o4" src="venetianLetters/o4.png"><img id="r2r" src="venetianLetters/r2r.png"><img id="b3r" src="venetianLetters/b3r.png"><img id="spacebar-letter" src="venetianLetters/spacebar-letter.png"><img id="z1" src="venetianLetters/z1.png"><img id="d4" src="venetianLetters/d4.png"><img id="u3" src="venetianLetters/u3.png"><img id="b3r" src="venetianLetters/b3r.png"><img id="e2r" src="venetianLetters/e2r.png"><img id="t4" src="venetianLetters/t4.png"><img id="r2r" src="venetianLetters/r2r.png"><img id="a5" src="venetianLetters/a5.png"></div>
}}

File:Ptuj scan.jpg

2024-05-08T12:03:36Z

LukaRepansek:

*Is 6

2024-05-08T12:02:10Z

LukaRepansek:

{{Inscription
|trasnliteration=i.ḅ or ḅ.i
|object=bronze plaque
|script=Venetic alphabet
|language=Venetic
|direction=ambiguous
|technique=embossed
|condition=fragmentary
|findspot=Gradič above Kobarid
|context=open-air cult site
|date=1st c. BC
|commentary=Two characters can be seen on the fragment. The reading is difficult, and the writing direction cannot be determined. *Is 6 and *Is 8 are too short to afford any useful insights into the question of their provenance – they could, theoretically, be pure infiltrations. Most likely there are two letters from a Venetic alphabet, which are accompanied by one or two hyphenators. It remains unclear whether the character on the right should be read as an incomplete 'b' or as an incomplete 'o' with "internal" syllabic punctuation. It is not possible to decide which of the four alternatives – ‹b.i› or ‹i.b›, ‹.ọ.i› or ‹i.ọ.› – is correct. It is probably a (small) part of a votive text; such inscriptions are on a whole series of bronze sheets attached.
|bibliography=Repanšek, Luka (2022). Posoškovenetski areal v luči novejših epigrafskih najdb / Isonzian Venetic inscriptions in the light of recent finds. ''Arheološki vestnik'' 73, pp. 601–615
Mlinar, Miha & Tecco Hvala, Snežana (2022). Poselitvena slika posoške/svetolucijske skupine – nova najdišča in spoznanja / Settlement in the Posočje/Sveta Lucija group – new sites and insights. ''Arheološki vestnik'' 73, pp. 397-469.
Laharnar, Boštjan & Turk, Peter (2018). ''Železnodobne zgodbe s stičišča svetov''. Ljubljana: Narodni muzej Slovenije, p. 141.
Eichner, Heiner & Nedoma, Robert (2009). Neue vorrömische Inschriften aus Westslowenien: epigraphische und linguistische Evidenz. – In: G. Tiefengraber, B. Kavur, A. Gaspari (eds.), ''Keltske študije II. Studies in Celtic Archaeology. Papers in honour of Mitja Guštin'', Protohistoire Européenne 11. Montagnac: Éditions Monique Mergoil,  pp. 65–75.
Božič, Dragan, Istenič Janka, Osmuk Nada, Šmit Žiga & Turk Peter (2009). New Pre-Roman Inscriptions from Western Slovenia: The Archaeological Evidence. In: G. Tiefengraber, B. Kavur, A. Gaspari (eds.), ''Keltske študije II, studies in celtic archaeology, papers in honour of Mitja Guštin'', Protohistoire Européenne 11. Montagnac: Éditions Monique Mergoil, pp. 48-62.
|file=Gradič nad Kobaridom.jpg
|imageCaption=Drawing: Ida Murgelj © Narodni muzej Slovenije / National Museum of Slovenia
|test=<div id="slikce"><img id="i" src="venetianLetters/i.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="o3" src="venetianLetters/o3.png"></div>
}}

*Is 6

2024-05-08T12:01:50Z

LukaRepansek:

{{Inscription
|trasnliteration=i.ḅ or ḅ.i
|object=bronze plaque
|script=Venetic alphabet
|language=Venetic
|direction=ambiguous
|technique=embossed
|condition=fragmentary
|findspot=Gradič above Kobarid
|context=open-air cult site
|date=1st c. BC
|commentary=Two characters can be seen on the fragment. The reading is difficult, and the writing direction cannot be determined. *Is 6 and *Is 8 are too short to afford any useful insights into the question of their provenance – they could, theoretically, be pure infiltrations. Most likely there are two letters from a Venetic alphabet, which are accompanied by one or two hyphenators. It remains unclear whether the character on the right should be read as an incomplete 'b' or as an incomplete 'o' with "internal" syllabic punctuation. It is not possible to decide which of the four alternatives – ‹b.i› or ‹i.b›, ‹.ọ.i› or ‹i.ọ.› – is correct. It is probably a (small) part of a votive text; such inscriptions are on a whole series of bronze sheets attached.
|bibliography=Repanšek, Luka (2022). Posoškovenetski areal v luči novejših epigrafskih najdb / Isonzian Venetic inscriptions in the light of recent finds. ''Arheološki vestnik'' 73, pp. 601–615
Mlinar, Miha & Tecco Hvala, Snežana (2022). Poselitvena slika posoške/svetolucijske skupine – nova najdišča in spoznanja / Settlement in the Posočje/Sveta Lucija group – new sites and insights. ''Arheološki vestnik'' 73, pp. 397-469.
Laharnar, Boštjan & Turk, Peter (2018). ''Železnodobne zgodbe s stičišča svetov''. Ljubljana: Narodni muzej Slovenije, p. 141.
Eichner, Heiner & Nedoma, Robert (2009). Neue vorrömische Inschriften aus Westslowenien: epigraphische und linguistische Evidenz. – In: G. Tiefengraber, B. Kavur, A. Gaspari (eds.), ''Keltske študije II. Studies in Celtic Archaeology. Papers in honour of Mitja Guštin'', Protohistoire Européenne 11. Montagnac: Éditions Monique Mergoil,  pp. 65–75.
Božič, Dragan, Istenič Janka, Osmuk Nada, Šmit Žiga & Turk Peter (2009). New Pre-Roman Inscriptions from Western Slovenia: The Archaeological Evidence. In: G. Tiefengraber, B. Kavur, A. Gaspari (eds.), ''Keltske študije II, studies in celtic archaeology, papers in honour of Mitja Guštin'', Protohistoire Européenne 11. Montagnac: Éditions Monique Mergoil, pp. 48-62.
|file=Gradič nad Kobaridom.jpg
|test=<div id="slikce"><img id="i" src="venetianLetters/i.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="o3" src="venetianLetters/o3.png"></div>
}}

File:Gradič nad Kobaridom.jpg

2024-05-08T12:01:48Z

LukaRepansek:

*Ts 2

2024-05-08T12:00:35Z

LukaRepansek:

{{Inscription
|trasnliteration=ṭevạ
|object=fragment of a stone monument
|script=Venetic alphabet
|language=Venetic
|direction=dextroverse
|technique=carved
|condition=fragmentary
|findspot=Parti near Stara Sušica
|context=gravesite / cult site
|culture=the Notranjska-Kras Hallstatt cultural group
|date=5th-4th c. BC
|commentary=The object was unearthed at the archaeological site of Parti, situated near the village of Stara Sušica, within excavation cave nr. 6. Together with evidence collected from other excavation caves, it poses indications that the site served as a burial ground.
The object bearing the inscription, referred to as "Košana II" (by Pellegrini, 1981) and more recently as *Ts2, is a stone slab believed to have functioned as a headstone in its entirety (Urleb, 1979). In the other excavation caves, several items from various historical periods, ranging from the late Hallstatt period to the Augustan Age, were discovered. While the exact dating of the object remains undetermined, items like Certosa-type fibulae suggest it likely originates from the La Tène B2 or La Tène C period, corresponding to the late Hallstatt period. The stone slab measures 32 x 19.5 x 7.5 cm and features an incised image of a rider on the back of a horse-like animal. Due to significant damage, only five letters of the inscription remain visible, with only the 3rd and 4th signs (''e'' and ''v'', respectively) remaining intact. The inscription is believed to be written in the Venetic alphabet in an undetermined language. While not definitive, it shares similarities with Venetian customs of depicting horsemen on headstones.
Regarding the other signs, the first sign of the inscription appears as a hyphen, likely representing the lower third of the letter ''s''. The interpretation of the second sign is disputed, with the original proposal suggesting a ''k'', while a new perspective favors a ''t'', formed in a manner that is generally typical for areas outside the Isonzo region. The last sign is poorly visible, consisting of a fragmentary oblique line, intersected by a short dash, and interrupted by the fracture of the object. According to Pellegrini, the proposed reading of the last letter is ''a'', supported by its common occurrence in Rhaetic and Venetian inscriptions. The inscription likely represents the ending of an anthroponym.
|bibliography=Repanšek, Luka (2022). Posoškovenetski areal v luči novejših epigrafskih najdb. ''Arheološki vestnik'' 73, pp. 601–605.
Laharnar, Boštjan (2022). ''From Ocra to Albion ''/'' Od Okre do Albijske gore''. Ljubljana: Narodni muzej Slovenije, p. 135.

Pellegrini, Giovan Battista (1981). Osservazioni Epigrafiche. ''Arheološki vestnik'' 32, pp. 311–314.

Bavdek, Alma (2017). Arheološki oddelek. In: A. Čuk (ed.), ''Muzej je vaš. 70-letnica Notranjskega muzeja Postojna''. Postojna, p. 20.

Horvat, Jana (1995). Notranjska na začetku rimske dobe: Parti pri Stari Sušici, Ambroževo gradišče in Baba pri Slavini / Notranjska at the beginning of the Roman period: Parti near Stara Sušica, Ambroževo gradišče and Baba near Slavins. ''Arheološki vestnik'' 46, p. 179.

Urleb, Mehtilda(1979). Arheološke najdbe iz Stare Sušice pri Košani. ''Arheološki vestnik ''30, p. 154.
|file=Parti pri Stari Sušici_resized.jpg
|imageCaption=Drawing: Ida Murgelj © Narodni muzej Slovenije / National Museum of Slovenia
|test=<div id="slikce"><img id="t2" src="venetianLetters/t2.png"><img id="e2" src="venetianLetters/e2.png"><img id="v4" src="venetianLetters/v4.png"><img id="a1" src="venetianLetters/a1.png"></div>
}}

File:Parti pri Stari Sušici resized.jpg

2024-05-08T12:00:30Z

LukaRepansek:

*Ts 2

2024-05-08T11:58:44Z

LukaRepansek:

{{Inscription
|trasnliteration=ṭevạ
|object=fragment of a stone monument
|script=Venetic alphabet
|language=Venetic
|direction=dextroverse
|technique=carved
|condition=fragmentary
|findspot=Parti near Stara Sušica
|context=gravesite / cult site
|culture=the Notranjska-Kras Hallstatt cultural group
|date=5th-4th c. BC
|commentary=The object was unearthed at the archaeological site of Parti, situated near the village of Stara Sušica, within excavation cave nr. 6. Together with evidence collected from other excavation caves, it poses indications that the site served as a burial ground.
The object bearing the inscription, referred to as "Košana II" (by Pellegrini, 1981) and more recently as *Ts2, is a stone slab believed to have functioned as a headstone in its entirety (Urleb, 1979). In the other excavation caves, several items from various historical periods, ranging from the late Hallstatt period to the Augustan Age, were discovered. While the exact dating of the object remains undetermined, items like Certosa-type fibulae suggest it likely originates from the La Tène B2 or La Tène C period, corresponding to the late Hallstatt period. The stone slab measures 32 x 19.5 x 7.5 cm and features an incised image of a rider on the back of a horse-like animal. Due to significant damage, only five letters of the inscription remain visible, with only the 3rd and 4th signs (''e'' and ''v'', respectively) remaining intact. The inscription is believed to be written in the Venetic alphabet in an undetermined language. While not definitive, it shares similarities with Venetian customs of depicting horsemen on headstones.
Regarding the other signs, the first sign of the inscription appears as a hyphen, likely representing the lower third of the letter ''s''. The interpretation of the second sign is disputed, with the original proposal suggesting a ''k'', while a new perspective favors a ''t'', formed in a manner that is generally typical for areas outside the Isonzo region. The last sign is poorly visible, consisting of a fragmentary oblique line, intersected by a short dash, and interrupted by the fracture of the object. According to Pellegrini, the proposed reading of the last letter is ''a'', supported by its common occurrence in Rhaetic and Venetian inscriptions. The inscription likely represents the ending of an anthroponym.
|bibliography=Repanšek, Luka (2022). Posoškovenetski areal v luči novejših epigrafskih najdb. ''Arheološki vestnik'' 73, pp. 601–605.
Laharnar, Boštjan (2022). ''From Ocra to Albion ''/'' Od Okre do Albijske gore''. Ljubljana: Narodni muzej Slovenije, p. 135.

Pellegrini, Giovan Battista (1981). Osservazioni Epigrafiche. ''Arheološki vestnik'' 32, pp. 311–314.

Bavdek, Alma (2017). Arheološki oddelek. In: A. Čuk (ed.), ''Muzej je vaš. 70-letnica Notranjskega muzeja Postojna''. Postojna, p. 20.

Horvat, Jana (1995). Notranjska na začetku rimske dobe: Parti pri Stari Sušici, Ambroževo gradišče in Baba pri Slavini / Notranjska at the beginning of the Roman period: Parti near Stara Sušica, Ambroževo gradišče and Baba near Slavins. ''Arheološki vestnik'' 46, p. 179.

Urleb, Mehtilda(1979). Arheološke najdbe iz Stare Sušice pri Košani. ''Arheološki vestnik ''30, p. 154.
|file=Parti pri Stari Sušici.jpg
|imageCaption=Drawing: Ida Murgelj © Narodni muzej Slovenije / National Museum of Slovenia
|test=<div id="slikce"><img id="t2" src="venetianLetters/t2.png"><img id="e2" src="venetianLetters/e2.png"><img id="v4" src="venetianLetters/v4.png"><img id="a1" src="venetianLetters/a1.png"></div>
}}

File:Parti pri Stari Sušici.jpg

2024-05-08T11:58:35Z

LukaRepansek:

*Ts 2

2024-04-30T12:08:13Z

LukaRepansek:

{{Inscription
|trasnliteration=ṭevạ
|object=fragment of a stone monument
|script=Venetic alphabet
|language=Venetic
|direction=dextroverse
|technique=carved
|condition=fragmentary
|findspot=Parti near Stara Sušica
|context=gravesite / cult site
|culture=the Notranjska-Kras Hallstatt cultural group
|date=5th-4th c. BC
|commentary=The object was unearthed at the archaeological site of Parti, situated near the village of Stara Sušica, within excavation cave nr. 6. Together with evidence collected from other excavation caves, it poses indications that the site served as a burial ground.
The object bearing the inscription, referred to as "Košana II" (by Pellegrini, 1981) and more recently as *Ts2, is a stone slab believed to have functioned as a headstone in its entirety (Urleb, 1979). In the other excavation caves, several items from various historical periods, ranging from the late Hallstatt period to the Augustan Age, were discovered. While the exact dating of the object remains undetermined, items like Certosa-type fibulae suggest it likely originates from the La Tène B2 or La Tène C period, corresponding to the late Hallstatt period. The stone slab measures 32 x 19.5 x 7.5 cm and features an incised image of a rider on the back of a horse-like animal. Due to significant damage, only five letters of the inscription remain visible, with only the 3rd and 4th signs (''e'' and ''v'', respectively) remaining intact. The inscription is believed to be written in the Venetic alphabet in an undetermined language. While not definitive, it shares similarities with Venetian customs of depicting horsemen on headstones.
Regarding the other signs, the first sign of the inscription appears as a hyphen, likely representing the lower third of the letter ''s''. The interpretation of the second sign is disputed, with the original proposal suggesting a ''k'', while a new perspective favors a ''t'', formed in a manner that is generally typical for areas outside the Isonzo region. The last sign is poorly visible, consisting of a fragmentary oblique line, intersected by a short dash, and interrupted by the fracture of the object. According to Pellegrini, the proposed reading of the last letter is ''a'', supported by its common occurrence in Rhaetic and Venetian inscriptions. The inscription likely represents the ending of an anthroponym.
|bibliography=Repanšek, Luka (2022). Posoškovenetski areal v luči novejših epigrafskih najdb. ''Arheološki vestnik'' 73, pp. 601–605.
Laharnar, Boštjan (2022). ''From Ocra to Albion ''/'' Od Okre do Albijske gore''. Ljubljana: Narodni muzej Slovenije, p. 135.

Pellegrini, Giovan Battista (1981). Osservazioni Epigrafiche. ''Arheološki vestnik'' 32, pp. 311–314.

Bavdek, Alma (2017). Arheološki oddelek. In: A. Čuk (ed.), ''Muzej je vaš. 70-letnica Notranjskega muzeja Postojna''. Postojna, p. 20.

Horvat, Jana (1995). Notranjska na začetku rimske dobe: Parti pri Stari Sušici, Ambroževo gradišče in Baba pri Slavini / Notranjska at the beginning of the Roman period: Parti near Stara Sušica, Ambroževo gradišče and Baba near Slavins. ''Arheološki vestnik'' 46, p. 179.

Urleb, Mehtilda(1979). Arheološke najdbe iz Stare Sušice pri Košani. ''Arheološki vestnik ''30, p. 154.
|test=<div id="slikce"><img id="t2" src="venetianLetters/t2.png"><img id="e2" src="venetianLetters/e2.png"><img id="v4" src="venetianLetters/v4.png"><img id="a1" src="venetianLetters/a1.png"></div>
}}

Ts 1

2024-04-30T12:06:30Z

LukaRepansek:

{{Inscription
|trasnliteration=.o..s.tiiare.i.
|object=bronze situla
|script=Venetic alphabet
|language=Venetic
|direction=dextroverse
|technique=incised
|condition=non-fragmentary
|findspot=Škocjan, Skeletna jama
|context=gravesite in a cave
|date=5th-4th c. BC
|commentary=The bronze situla, discovered in 1911 by a local amateur along with bronze jewellery and a fibula of Certosa type, was found adjacent to the remains of a male human skeleton. Both the fibula and the situla bearing the inscription were dated to the 5th or 4th century BC.
The inscription, designated Ts1, is deeply incised into the rim of the situla. The writing direction is dextroverse, except for the letter ''r'', which faces left. Despite this irregularity, the inscription is legible, with punctuation placed as expected, although the final grapheme is somewhat contorted and partly lost (Pellegrino, 1967). Nevertheless, the inscription unmistakably reads .''o..s.tiiare.i'', most likely indicating an anthroponym in the dative case. Considering that the human remains found alongside the situla belonged to a male, it is probable that the personal name in question was also male. Given the context in which the artefact was discovered, the inscription likely serves as a designation of the deceased.
The letter shapes exhibit characteristics of the Este type of the Venetic alphabet, which, along with the correct placement of interpunctuation, allows the inscription to be dated to the Este III period, circa 500–350 BC (Istenič, 1985). Thus, the dating of the inscription corresponds to that of the object itself.
|bibliography=Istenič, Janka (1985). Zapisi v venetski pisavi na Koroškem in v Sloveniji. ''Zgodovinski časopis ''39, pp. 324–325.
Lejeune, Michele (1974). ''Manuel de la Langue Vénète. ''Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, p. 309.
Pellegrini, Giovan Battista & Prosdocimi, Aldo Luigi (1967). ''La lingua venetica. ''Padova Firenze: Istituto di glottologia dell'Universita di Padova Circolo linguistico fiorentino, pp. 604–605.
|test=<div id="slikce"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="o2" src="venetianLetters/o2.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="s1r" src="venetianLetters/s1r.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="t2" src="venetianLetters/t2.png"><img id="j5" src="venetianLetters/j5.png"><img id="a1" src="venetianLetters/a1.png"><img id="r1r" src="venetianLetters/r1r.png"><img id="e1r" src="venetianLetters/e1r.png"><img id="j4" src="venetianLetters/j4.png"></div>
}}

*Is 7

2024-04-21T14:12:38Z

LukaRepansek:

{{Inscription
|trasnliteration=voturo.s. vo.l.lk.no.s.
|object=silver votive plaque
|script=Isonzian Venetic alphabet
|language=Venetic
|direction=dextroverse spiral
|technique=embossed
|condition=non-fragmentary
|findspot=Vrh gradu near Pečine
|context=open-air cult site
|culture=the Sveta Lucija Hallstatt cultural group
|date=late 2nd or 1st c. BC
|commentary=The object was discovered in what seems to have been an open-air cult site or a sanctuary situated in Vrh gradu, an important archaeological site on the karst plateau known as Šentviška planota, which appears to have functioned as one of the important centres in the hinterland of the Sveta Lucija Hallstatt cultural group. The locality Vrh gradu lies west to the village Pečine at the rocky edge of the plateau itself.
*Is 7 is the only example of a silver votive plaque bearing an inscription found so far. It is rectangular in shape (measuring 3.7 cm × 3.3 cm) and features a rim bordered with embossed dots. In its centre, it is additionally decorated by a ring encircling a dot. The space between the central ring and the dot is damaged by a hole that must have been produced by a nail with which the plaque was attached to a surface, probably originally to a tree. The metal is thin (0.1 cm). Between the bordered rim and the central ring, a dextroverse spiral inscription is chased in the Venetic script of the Posočje (also know as the Idrija) type of the Venetic alphabet. The defining characteristics are the shape of the ''tau'' (T = Lejeune’s ''t4'') and the strategy of reversing the ''lambda ''so that it points opposite to the general direction of the sequence, which seems to have been a more or less systematic way of distinguishing between the ''lambda ''and the ''pi'', which would have otherwise coalesced. The inscriptions features a personal name ''voturo.s.'', followed by a patronymic ''vo.l.lk.no.s.'' in ''-(i)kno-''. The heavy consonant cluster ''-llk- ''is erroneously interpunctuated as ''-.l.lk.- ''for expected *''-.l.l.k.-''. The fourth ''omikron ''is poorly executed, resembling two parallel lines, which has been erroneously read as ''ij ''by Crevatin in 2012. The correct reading was established and defended in Repanšek 2020 and has been adopted since. In the same publication the inscription has been assigned the siglum *Is 7.
Based on several typological parallels the object has been dated to the end of the 2nd or the 1st centuries BC. These are represented by a group of bronze rectangular votive plaques (12 inscriptional) from the sanctuary in Gurina (the upper Gail Valley), datable to the 2nd and 1st c. BC, six bronze votive plaques from the Iron Age sanctuary at Gradič near Kobarid (non-inscriptional), dated to the last decades of the 2nd c. BC or the 1st c. BC, and an additional example from the cult site Colle Mazéit near Verzegnis in Carnia.
The object is kept in the Tolmin Museum (Tolminski muzej), inv. nb. TM 1506.
|bibliography=Mlinar, Miha (2023). Vrh gradu na Šentviški planoti – communicating with the gods. In: D. Pavlovič (ed.), ''Tweets from the past. Slovenian archaeology through sounds, symbols and first written words''. Ljubljana: Narodni muzej Slovenije, pp. 280–283.
Repanšek, Luka (2022). Posoškovenetski areal v luči novejših epigrafskih najdb / Isonzian Venetic inscriptions in the light of recent finds. ''Arheološki vestnik ''73, pp. 601–615.
Repanšek, Luka (2020). Towards the Interpretation of *Is 7. In: Th. L. Markey, L. Repanšek (eds.), ''Revisiting Dispersions. Celtic and Germanic ca. 400 BC – ca. 400 AD. Proceedings of the International Interdisciplinary Conference held at Dolenjski muzej, Novo mesto, Slovenia; October 12 th – 14th, 2018'' (Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph Series 67). Washington D.C.: Institute for the Study of Man, pp. 162–183.
Laharnar, Boštjan & P. Turk (2018). ''Iron Age stories from the crossroads''. Ljubljana: Narodni muzej Slovenije, Fig. 192.
Laharnar, Boštjan & P. Turk (2018).''' '''''Železnodobne zgodbe s stičišča svetov''. Ljubljana: Narodni muzej Slovenije, Fig. 192.
Laharnar, Boštjan & Miha Mlinar (2014). Prazgodovinski srebrni daritveni ploščici s Šentviške planine. ''Keria ''16/1, pp. 9–20.
Mlinar, Miha & Franco Crevatin (2012). Laminetta d’argento con iscrizione venetica proveniente da Vrh gradu sull’altipiano di Šentviška planota in Slovenia occidentale. In: G. Borghello, V. Orioles (eds.), ''Per Roberto Gusmani: Studi in ricordo, vol. 2: Linguistica storica e teorica I''. Udine: Forum, pp. 287–294.
Božič, Dragan (2011). Prazgodovinske najdbe s Tonovcovega gradu in železnodobna kultna mesta v Posočju / Prehistoric finds from Tonovcov grad and Iron Age cult places in Posočje. In: Z. Modrijan, T. Milavec (eds.), ''Poznoantična'' ''utrjena naselbina Tonovcov grad pri Kobaridu, Najdbe ''/'' Late Antique'' ''fortified settlement Tonovcov grad near Kobarid, Finds ''(Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 24), pp. 239–277 (pp. 257–259). Ljubljana: ZRC SAZU.
|file=Is 7 Risba_Ida Murgelj Narodni muzej Slovenije.jpg
|imageCaption=Drawing: Ida Murgelj © Narodni muzej Slovenije / National Museum of Slovenia
|test=<div id="slikce"><img id="v1r" src="venetianLetters/v1r.png"><img id="o2" src="venetianLetters/o2.png"><img id="t1" src="venetianLetters/t1.png"><img id="u2" src="venetianLetters/u2.png"><img id="r1" src="venetianLetters/r1.png"><img id="o2" src="venetianLetters/o2.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="s1r" src="venetianLetters/s1r.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="spacebar-letter" src="venetianLetters/spacebar-letter.png"><img id="v1r" src="venetianLetters/v1r.png"><img id="o2" src="venetianLetters/o2.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="p1r" src="venetianLetters/p1r.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="p1r" src="venetianLetters/p1r.png"><img id="k2" src="venetianLetters/k2.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="n" src="venetianLetters/n.png"><img id="o2" src="venetianLetters/o2.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="s1" src="venetianLetters/s1.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"></div>
}}

Neg A IV

2024-04-21T13:54:32Z

LukaRepansek:

{{Inscription
|trasnliteration=kerul/p
|object=bronze helmet
|script=Rhaetic alphabet
|language=unknown
|direction=sinistroverse
|technique=incised
|condition=non-fragmentary
|findspot=Ženjak
|date=4th-3rd c. BC
|commentary=The inscription, about 6.5 cm in length, is located on the brim of the Negau helmet A, below three other, presumably unrelated, inscriptions. Nedoma (1995) argues the location indicates a profane function, as votive helmet inscriptions are normally applied prominently on the bowl.
The writing direction is somewhat ambiguous, as is the identification of the second letter from the right: interpreting it as a heavily slanted ''epsilon'' supports a sinistroverse reading, but reading it as an ''alpha'' with an erroneously applied additional hasta is also possible. Additionally, the leftmost letter can be read as either a ''tau'' (Sanzeno alphabet) sinistroverse or as ''pi'' (Sanzeno or Lepontic) dextroverse. The rightmost letter resembles a retrograde ''kappa'' if read sinistroverse. Prosdocimi (1986) suggests the letter should not be read as ''kappa'' at all, but rather as ''san'' (Lagole) or /d/ (Valle di Cadore t3). He also notes the potential significance of the slightly broader gap between it and the other letters, suggesting ''erul'' should be read in isolation. Egger's (1959) interpretation of the rightmost letter as the North Italic version of the abbreviation C for centuria was determined to be chronologically improbable by Egg (1986).
|bibliography=Nedoma, Robert (1995). ''Die Inschrift auf dem Helm B von Negau. Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Deutung norditalischer epigraphischer Denkmäler.'' Wien: Fassbaender, pp. 18-20.

Prosdocimi, Aldo Luigi (1986). Contatti di lingue nella Decima Regio, parte nordorientale. In: ''Aquileia nella "Venetia et Histria"'' (= Antichità Altoadriatiche 28), Udine: Chiandetti, pp. 15–42.Egg, Markus (1986).'' Italische Helme. Studien zu den ältereisenzeitlichen Helmen Italiens und der Alpen. Teil 1: Text, Teil 2: Tafeln.'' Mainz: Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, pp. 614-620.
|test=<div id="slikce"><img id="l1r" src="venetianLetters/l1r.png"><img id="u1" src="venetianLetters/u1.png"><img id="r1r" src="venetianLetters/r1r.png"><img id="e1" src="venetianLetters/e1.png"><img id="k1" src="venetianLetters/k1.png"></div>
}}

Neg A III

2024-04-21T13:54:17Z

LukaRepansek:

{{Inscription
|trasnliteration=i : parnpeisvnp
|object=bronze helmet
|script=Rhaetic alphabet
|language=unknown
|direction=sinistroverse
|technique=incised
|condition=non-fragmentary
|findspot=Ženjak
|date=4th-3rd c. BC
|commentary=The inscription, 8 cm in length, is located on the chamfer of the Negau helmet A. Nedoma (1995) argues the location indicates a profane function, as votive helmet inscriptions are normally applied prominently on the bowl. The inscription is proceeded by Neg A Ia, separated by a punctuation mark of four small dots, and followed by Neg A Ic.
The first hasta in the inscription resembles a crooked ''iota'', which appears to have been jammed between the punctuation and the ''alpha''. What is more likely is that it belongs to the first hasta of the ''alpha'', whose diagonal hasta is scratched twice as well. Following that is a ''rho'', engraved with a curve, as opposed to the one in Neg A Ia. This supports the theory that the two inscriptions were written by two different people (see Neg A Ia). The next few lines are difficult to decipher and it is uncertain whether what is depicted is a single letter or a sequence of two. If we attempt a segmentation, the first character resembles either a ''pi'' or a ''lambda''. The second resembles either a ''tau, ''if we assume its left bar is unintentional, or, alternatively, a so-called arrowhead ''tau'' denoting a dental affricate. Interpreting the lines as a single letter, ''san'' seems possible, but unlikely considering the fact that the bar of the second hasta is prolonged at an angle, which suggests it was done after the right bar of the next letter was seen to merge with it. Marstrander's (1927) suggestion of a ''nu'' being corrected into ''san ''would explain the questionable left bar of the second hasta. Any kind of potentially similar ligature is not attested. The following ''epsilon,'' ''iota,'' ''sigma'' and ''digamma'' are fairly well legible. The inscription concludes with two crooked vertical lines, which have been read as ''iota ''(Mommsen, Pauli: 36, no. 99a, Kretschmer 1943: 187, Markey 2001), ''upsilon'' (Egg 1986: 227, no. 324), although this is very unlikely considering the other instances of ''upsilon'' on the helmet, or been interpreted as a demarcation sign added to separate the inscription from Neg A Ic (Marstrander 1927: 6). The bar branching away from the left scratch, mentioned and dismissed by Marstrander, is clearly unintentional.
Marstrander's interpretation of the last element implies that Neg A Ic is older than Neg A Ib.
Epigraphically, the inscription is likely to be Rhaetic, but retrograde alpha is also found in Venetic inscriptions of the Isonzo-area.
Due to the difficult reading, no linguistic interpretation of the text can be offered.
|bibliography=Egg, Markus (1986).'' Italische Helme. Studien zu den ältereisenzeitlichen Helmen Italiens und der Alpen. Teil 1: Text, Teil 2: Tafeln''. Mainz: Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, pp. 614-620.
Kretschmer, Paul (1943). Die vorgriechischen Sprach- und Volksschichten (Fortsetzung). ''Glotta ''30, pp. 84–218.
Marstrander, Carl (1925). Les inscriptions des casques de Negau, Styrie. ''Symbolae Osloensis ''3, pp. 37–64.
Marstrander, Carl (1927). Remarques sur les inscriptions des casques en bronze de Negau et de Watsch. ''Avhandlinger utgitt av Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. Hist.-filos. klasse ''1926/2, pp. 1–26.
Giovanelli, Benedetto (1876). Die Rhätisch-Etruskischen Alterthümer entdeckt bei Matrei im Mai 1845. ''Zeitschrift des Ferdinandeums für Tirol und Vorarlberg ''3/20, pp. 45–99.
Hormayr, Joseph (1823). ''Wien, seine Geschichte und seine Denkwürdigkeiten''. Wien: Franz Härter, p. 143
|test=<div id="slikce"><img id="s'p" src="venetianLetters/s'p.png"><img id="v1" src="venetianLetters/v1.png"><img id="s1r" src="venetianLetters/s1r.png"><img id="i" src="venetianLetters/i.png"><img id="e1" src="venetianLetters/e1.png"><img id="s'p" src="venetianLetters/s'p.png"><img id="r2r" src="venetianLetters/r2r.png"><img id="a2r" src="venetianLetters/a2r.png"><img id="p1" src="venetianLetters/p1.png"><img id="spacebar-letter" src="venetianLetters/spacebar-letter.png"><img id="i" src="venetianLetters/i.png"></div>
}}

Neg A II

2024-04-21T13:53:53Z

LukaRepansek:

{{Inscription
|trasnliteration=siraku : tulrli or tuprpi
|object=bronze helmet
|script=Rhaetic alphabet (Sanzeno)
|language=unknown
|direction=sinistroverse
|technique=incised
|condition=non-fragmentary
|findspot=Ženjak
|date=4th-3rd. c. BC
|commentary=The inscription, 5 cm in length, is located on the chamfer of the Negau helmet A. Nedoma (1995) argues the location indicates a profane function, as votive helmet inscriptions are normally applied prominently on the bowl. The inscription is immediately followed by Neg A Ib, separated by four small dots. Marstrander (1927) first observed that the two inscriptions are unlikely to have been written by the same person: the scratches in Ia are deeper, the overall execution is neater and the lines seem to have been scratched from bottom to top. Contrastively, the ''epsilon'' and ''iota'' hastae in Ib are scratched top to bottom. Both inscriptions are indubitably to be read sinistroverse, but the ''sigma'' in Ia is turned against writing direction, whereas in Ib it is written correctly. Another difference is the execution of ''rho'', whose hastae are scratched in three straight lines in Ia, but in Ib it consists of an upright straight hasta and another curved one. With these observations in mind, it it likely Neg Ia and Ib are to be read as separate, unrelated inscriptions, written by two different people.
Both inscriptions feature what must be assumed to be writer's mistakes. In Ia, we can see a ''tau'' cramped between the second ''upsilon'' and ''rho''. Drawings by Giovanelli and Marstrander record tiny scratches covering it, likely an attempt by the writer to cross it out. The writer seems to have either prematurely added the bar of the following ''tau ''to the hasta meant for ''rho'' or they erroneously started to write ''rho'' in the wrong direction. Markey (2001) also points out that the two preceding letters are symmetrical: "this may have left an unskilled engraver in doubt as to the direction of the next asymmetrical letter". The writer also seems to have tried to accentuate the hasta with additional scratches.
There have been arguments stating that the two large dots between siraku and tsurti are not intentional (Marstrander 1927; Egg 1986). However, the interpretation of the spots as intentional is supported by the fact that the segmentation is linguistically plausible for both Rhaetic and Celtic interpretations.
Epigraphically, the inscription can be ascribed to the Rhaetic corpus, due to the distinguishing Sanzeno ''tau'' and the so-called arrowhead ''tau.''
Linguistically, the inscription is very likely Rhaetic. Although Markey (2001) attempts a Celtic interpretation (siragu turbī "astral priest of the troop"), but the interpretation and reconstruction are questionable.  Nothing conflicts with a Rhaetic reading, which is suggested by the use of the specifically Rhaetic arrowhead ''tau'' denoting a dental affricate, even if the interpretation is uncertain.
|bibliography=Markey, Tom (2001). A tale of two helmets: The Negau A and B inscriptions. ''The Journal of Indo-European Studies ''29, pp. 69–172.
Nedoma, Robert (1995). ''Die Inschrift auf dem Helm B von Negau. Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Deutung norditalischer epigraphischer Denkmäler''. Wien: Fassbaender, pp. 18–20.
Rix, Helmut (1985). Schrift und Sprache. In: M. Cristofani (ed.), ''Die'' Etrusker. Stuttgart – Zürich: Belser, pp. 210–238.
Marstrander, Carl Johan. Sverdrup (1927). Remarques sur les inscriptions des casques en bronze de Negau et de Watsch. ''Avhandlinger utgitt av Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. Hist.-filos. klasse ''1926/2, pp. 1–26.
Egg, Markus (1986). ''Italische Helme. Studien zu den ältereisenzeitlichen Helmen Italiens und der Alpen. Teil 1: Text, Teil 2: Tafeln.'' Mainz: Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, pp. 614-620.
Giovanelli, Benedetto (1876). Die Rhätisch-Etruskischen Alterthümer entdeckt bei Matrei im Mai 1845. ''Zeitschrift des Ferdinandeums für Tirol und Vorarlberg ''3/20, pp. 45–99.
|test=<div id="slikce"><img id="i" src="venetianLetters/i.png"><img id="p1r" src="venetianLetters/p1r.png"><img id="r1r" src="venetianLetters/r1r.png"><img id="p1r" src="venetianLetters/p1r.png"><img id="u1" src="venetianLetters/u1.png"><img id="t5" src="venetianLetters/t5.png"><img id="spacebar-letter" src="venetianLetters/spacebar-letter.png"><img id="u1" src="venetianLetters/u1.png"><img id="k2" src="venetianLetters/k2.png"><img id="a1r" src="venetianLetters/a1r.png"><img id="r1r" src="venetianLetters/r1r.png"><img id="i" src="venetianLetters/i.png"><img id="s1" src="venetianLetters/s1.png"></div>
}}

Neg A IV

2024-04-21T13:38:19Z

LukaRepansek:

{{Inscription
|trasnliteration=kerul/p
|object=bronze helmet
|script=Rhaetic alphabet
|language=Rhaetic
|direction=sinistroverse
|technique=incised
|condition=non-fragmentary
|findspot=Ženjak
|date=4th-3rd c. BC
|commentary=The inscription, about 6.5 cm in length, is located on the brim of the Negau helmet A, below three other, presumably unrelated, inscriptions. Nedoma (1995) argues the location indicates a profane function, as votive helmet inscriptions are normally applied prominently on the bowl.
The writing direction is somewhat ambiguous, as is the identification of the second letter from the right: interpreting it as a heavily slanted ''epsilon'' supports a sinistroverse reading, but reading it as an ''alpha'' with an erroneously applied additional hasta is also possible. Additionally, the leftmost letter can be read as either a ''tau'' (Sanzeno alphabet) sinistroverse or as ''pi'' (Sanzeno or Lepontic) dextroverse. The rightmost letter resembles a retrograde ''kappa'' if read sinistroverse. Prosdocimi (1986) suggests the letter should not be read as ''kappa'' at all, but rather as ''san'' (Lagole) or /d/ (Valle di Cadore t3). He also notes the potential significance of the slightly broader gap between it and the other letters, suggesting ''erul'' should be read in isolation. Egger's (1959) interpretation of the rightmost letter as the North Italic version of the abbreviation C for centuria was determined to be chronologically improbable by Egg (1986).
|bibliography=Nedoma, Robert (1995). ''Die Inschrift auf dem Helm B von Negau. Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Deutung norditalischer epigraphischer Denkmäler.'' Wien: Fassbaender, pp. 18-20.

Prosdocimi, Aldo Luigi (1986). Contatti di lingue nella Decima Regio, parte nordorientale. In: ''Aquileia nella "Venetia et Histria"'' (= Antichità Altoadriatiche 28), Udine: Chiandetti, pp. 15–42.Egg, Markus (1986).'' Italische Helme. Studien zu den ältereisenzeitlichen Helmen Italiens und der Alpen. Teil 1: Text, Teil 2: Tafeln.'' Mainz: Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, pp. 614-620.
|test=<div id="slikce"><img id="l1r" src="venetianLetters/l1r.png"><img id="u1" src="venetianLetters/u1.png"><img id="r1r" src="venetianLetters/r1r.png"><img id="e1" src="venetianLetters/e1.png"><img id="k1" src="venetianLetters/k1.png"></div>
}}

Neg A III

2024-04-21T13:37:27Z

LukaRepansek:

{{Inscription
|trasnliteration=i : parnpeisvnp
|object=bronze helmet
|script=Rhaetic alphabet
|language=Rhaetic
|direction=sinistroverse
|technique=incised
|condition=non-fragmentary
|findspot=Ženjak
|date=4th-3rd c. BC
|commentary=The inscription, 8 cm in length, is located on the chamfer of the Negau helmet A. Nedoma (1995) argues the location indicates a profane function, as votive helmet inscriptions are normally applied prominently on the bowl. The inscription is proceeded by Neg A Ia, separated by a punctuation mark of four small dots, and followed by Neg A Ic.
The first hasta in the inscription resembles a crooked ''iota'', which appears to have been jammed between the punctuation and the ''alpha''. What is more likely is that it belongs to the first hasta of the ''alpha'', whose diagonal hasta is scratched twice as well. Following that is a ''rho'', engraved with a curve, as opposed to the one in Neg A Ia. This supports the theory that the two inscriptions were written by two different people (see Neg A Ia). The next few lines are difficult to decipher and it is uncertain whether what is depicted is a single letter or a sequence of two. If we attempt a segmentation, the first character resembles either a ''pi'' or a ''lambda''. The second resembles either a ''tau, ''if we assume its left bar is unintentional, or, alternatively, a so-called arrowhead ''tau'' denoting a dental affricate. Interpreting the lines as a single letter, ''san'' seems possible, but unlikely considering the fact that the bar of the second hasta is prolonged at an angle, which suggests it was done after the right bar of the next letter was seen to merge with it. Marstrander's (1927) suggestion of a ''nu'' being corrected into ''san ''would explain the questionable left bar of the second hasta. Any kind of potentially similar ligature is not attested. The following ''epsilon,'' ''iota,'' ''sigma'' and ''digamma'' are fairly well legible. The inscription concludes with two crooked vertical lines, which have been read as ''iota ''(Mommsen, Pauli: 36, no. 99a, Kretschmer 1943: 187, Markey 2001), ''upsilon'' (Egg 1986: 227, no. 324), although this is very unlikely considering the other instances of ''upsilon'' on the helmet, or been interpreted as a demarcation sign added to separate the inscription from Neg A Ic (Marstrander 1927: 6). The bar branching away from the left scratch, mentioned and dismissed by Marstrander, is clearly unintentional.
Marstrander's interpretation of the last element implies that Neg A Ic is older than Neg A Ib.
Epigraphically, the inscription is likely to be Rhaetic, but retrograde alpha is also found in Venetic inscriptions of the Isonzo-area.
Due to the difficult reading, no linguistic interpretation of the text can be offered.
|bibliography=Egg, Markus (1986).'' Italische Helme. Studien zu den ältereisenzeitlichen Helmen Italiens und der Alpen. Teil 1: Text, Teil 2: Tafeln''. Mainz: Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, pp. 614-620.
Kretschmer, Paul (1943). Die vorgriechischen Sprach- und Volksschichten (Fortsetzung). ''Glotta ''30, pp. 84–218.
Marstrander, Carl (1925). Les inscriptions des casques de Negau, Styrie. ''Symbolae Osloensis ''3, pp. 37–64.
Marstrander, Carl (1927). Remarques sur les inscriptions des casques en bronze de Negau et de Watsch. ''Avhandlinger utgitt av Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. Hist.-filos. klasse ''1926/2, pp. 1–26.
Giovanelli, Benedetto (1876). Die Rhätisch-Etruskischen Alterthümer entdeckt bei Matrei im Mai 1845. ''Zeitschrift des Ferdinandeums für Tirol und Vorarlberg ''3/20, pp. 45–99.
Hormayr, Joseph (1823). ''Wien, seine Geschichte und seine Denkwürdigkeiten''. Wien: Franz Härter, p. 143
|test=<div id="slikce"><img id="s'p" src="venetianLetters/s'p.png"><img id="v1" src="venetianLetters/v1.png"><img id="s1r" src="venetianLetters/s1r.png"><img id="i" src="venetianLetters/i.png"><img id="e1" src="venetianLetters/e1.png"><img id="s'p" src="venetianLetters/s'p.png"><img id="r2r" src="venetianLetters/r2r.png"><img id="a2r" src="venetianLetters/a2r.png"><img id="p1" src="venetianLetters/p1.png"><img id="spacebar-letter" src="venetianLetters/spacebar-letter.png"><img id="i" src="venetianLetters/i.png"></div>
}}

Neg A II

2024-04-21T13:34:53Z

LukaRepansek:

{{Inscription
|trasnliteration=siraku : tulrli or tuprpi
|object=bronze helmet
|script=Rhaetic alphabet (Sanzeno)
|language=Rhaetic
|direction=sinistroverse
|technique=incised
|condition=non-fragmentary
|findspot=Ženjak
|date=4th-3rd. c. BC
|commentary=The inscription, 5 cm in length, is located on the chamfer of the Negau helmet A. Nedoma (1995) argues the location indicates a profane function, as votive helmet inscriptions are normally applied prominently on the bowl. The inscription is immediately followed by Neg A Ib, separated by four small dots. Marstrander (1927) first observed that the two inscriptions are unlikely to have been written by the same person: the scratches in Ia are deeper, the overall execution is neater and the lines seem to have been scratched from bottom to top. Contrastively, the ''epsilon'' and ''iota'' hastae in Ib are scratched top to bottom. Both inscriptions are indubitably to be read sinistroverse, but the ''sigma'' in Ia is turned against writing direction, whereas in Ib it is written correctly. Another difference is the execution of ''rho'', whose hastae are scratched in three straight lines in Ia, but in Ib it consists of an upright straight hasta and another curved one. With these observations in mind, it it likely Neg Ia and Ib are to be read as separate, unrelated inscriptions, written by two different people.
Both inscriptions feature what must be assumed to be writer's mistakes. In Ia, we can see a ''tau'' cramped between the second ''upsilon'' and ''rho''. Drawings by Giovanelli and Marstrander record tiny scratches covering it, likely an attempt by the writer to cross it out. The writer seems to have either prematurely added the bar of the following ''tau ''to the hasta meant for ''rho'' or they erroneously started to write ''rho'' in the wrong direction. Markey (2001) also points out that the two preceding letters are symmetrical: "this may have left an unskilled engraver in doubt as to the direction of the next asymmetrical letter". The writer also seems to have tried to accentuate the hasta with additional scratches.
There have been arguments stating that the two large dots between siraku and tsurti are not intentional (Marstrander 1927; Egg 1986). However, the interpretation of the spots as intentional is supported by the fact that the segmentation is linguistically plausible for both Rhaetic and Celtic interpretations.
Epigraphically, the inscription can be ascribed to the Rhaetic corpus, due to the distinguishing Sanzeno ''tau'' and the so-called arrowhead ''tau.''
Linguistically, the inscription is very likely Rhaetic. Although Markey (2001) attempts a Celtic interpretation (siragu turbī "astral priest of the troop"), but the interpretation and reconstruction are questionable.  Nothing conflicts with a Rhaetic reading, which is suggested by the use of the specifically Rhaetic arrowhead ''tau'' denoting a dental affricate, even if the interpretation is uncertain.
|bibliography=Markey, Tom (2001). A tale of two helmets: The Negau A and B inscriptions. ''The Journal of Indo-European Studies ''29, pp. 69–172.
Nedoma, Robert (1995). ''Die Inschrift auf dem Helm B von Negau. Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Deutung norditalischer epigraphischer Denkmäler''. Wien: Fassbaender, pp. 18–20.
Rix, Helmut (1985). Schrift und Sprache. In: M. Cristofani (ed.), ''Die'' Etrusker. Stuttgart – Zürich: Belser, pp. 210–238.
Marstrander, Carl Johan. Sverdrup (1927). Remarques sur les inscriptions des casques en bronze de Negau et de Watsch. ''Avhandlinger utgitt av Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. Hist.-filos. klasse ''1926/2, pp. 1–26.
Egg, Markus (1986). ''Italische Helme. Studien zu den ältereisenzeitlichen Helmen Italiens und der Alpen. Teil 1: Text, Teil 2: Tafeln.'' Mainz: Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, pp. 614-620.
Giovanelli, Benedetto (1876). Die Rhätisch-Etruskischen Alterthümer entdeckt bei Matrei im Mai 1845. ''Zeitschrift des Ferdinandeums für Tirol und Vorarlberg ''3/20, pp. 45–99.
|test=<div id="slikce"><img id="i" src="venetianLetters/i.png"><img id="p1r" src="venetianLetters/p1r.png"><img id="r1r" src="venetianLetters/r1r.png"><img id="p1r" src="venetianLetters/p1r.png"><img id="u1" src="venetianLetters/u1.png"><img id="t5" src="venetianLetters/t5.png"><img id="spacebar-letter" src="venetianLetters/spacebar-letter.png"><img id="u1" src="venetianLetters/u1.png"><img id="k2" src="venetianLetters/k2.png"><img id="a1r" src="venetianLetters/a1r.png"><img id="r1r" src="venetianLetters/r1r.png"><img id="i" src="venetianLetters/i.png"><img id="s1" src="venetianLetters/s1.png"></div>
}}

Neg A I

2024-04-21T13:30:39Z

LukaRepansek:

{{Inscription
|trasnliteration=dubni banuabi
|object=bronze helmet
|script=Venetoid
|language=Gaulish
|direction=sinistroverse
|technique=embossed
|condition=non-fragmentary
|findspot=Ženjak
|date=4th-3rd c. BC
|commentary=The inscription, about 6.5 cm in legth, was embossed with a pointed tool on the chamfer, upside-down when the helmet is worn. It immediately follows Neg A Ib. Marstrander's interpretation of the last element in Neg A Ib separating the two inscriptions implies that Neg A Ic is older than Neg A Ib. Nedoma (1995) argues the location indicates a profane function, as votive helmet inscriptions are normally applied prominently on the bowl. In contrast to the three other inscriptions on the helmet, it is the only one applied upside-down.
The first letter features two circles. While the bottom circle is as lopsided as the circles in the other letters, the top one is perfectly circular and made of more, but shallower and not easily visible indentations arranged around a single particularly deep one. Proposed interpretations of it as the Rhaetic (Magrè-specific) letter used for the dental affricate is unlikey, considering the tip-down ''upsilon'' would match the Sanzeno alphabet. If the letter is instead ''zeta'', the inscription is best analysed as alphabetically Venetic (Este alphabet). ''Zeta'' for a dental stop does appear in Rhaetic inscriptions, but only as a sporadic feature which is best interpreted as due to Venetic influence.
The reading with one anlauting dental and three labials and Venetic orthography is the basis for Marstrander's (1925: 44–51) interpretation of the inscription as a Celtic bipartite personal name in the genitive dubnī banuabī "of Dubnos, son of Banuabios" (with ''zeta ''for ''d'' and ''phi'' for ''b''), banuabī being a genitival patronym as known from Cisalpine Celtic, Gaulish and Ogam inscriptions. Considering the easterly find place of the inscription and its possible high dating, the names cannot be certainly identified as Cisalpine Celtic, but may belong to an Ambi-Danubian Celtic filum. While the names themselves are certainly Celtic, it cannot be entirely excluded, with regard to the alphabet used, that the ī-genitive is Venetic. If banuabī contains a ''-i̯o''-suffix expressing the patronymic function, the genitive could be congruent with that in the individual name ("of Dubnos Banuabii̯os = son of Banuabios"). Like the ī-genitive, the use of patronymic ''-i̯o'' could hypothetically be Venetic as well as Celtic. A third option, that the form is congruent with the individual name but does not contain ''-i̯o'', and functions as an epithet to dubnos ("Dubnos the pig-slayer"; Markey 2001), is formally possible, but unlikely, as a patronym is not expected. An alternative (but also Celtic) analysis was suggested by Heiner Eichner (according to Nedoma 1995: 20), who proposes to analyse ''-bi'' as a Celtic dative plural, with the entire sequence in the inscription ''dubnibanua-'' as a composite base, assuming the inscryption is votive.
|bibliography=Eska, Joseph Francis, Wallace, Rex E. (1999). The linguistic milieu of *Oderzo 7. ''Historische Sprachforschung'' 112, pp. 122-136.
Egg, Markus (1986). Italische Helme. ''Studien zu den ältereisenzeitlichen Helmen Italiens und der Alpen. Teil 1: Text, Teil 2:'' ''Tafeln,'' Mainz: Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, pp. 614-620.

Prosdocimi, Aldo Luigi & Scardigli, Piergiuseppe (1976–1978). Negau, ''in: Vittore Pisani, Ciro Santoro (eds), Italia linguistica nuova ed antica. Studi linguistici in memoria di Oronzo Parlangèli'', Gelatina: Congedo. (2 volumes), I, pp. 179–229.

Marstrander, Carl (1925). Les inscriptions des casques de Negau, Styrie. ''Symbolae Osloensis ''3, pp. 37–64.

Corssen, Paul Wilhelm (1874–1875). ''Über die Sprache der Etrusker. ''Leipzig: Teubner, p. 949.Giovanelli, Benedetto (1845). ''Le antichità rezio-etrusche scoperte presso Matrai nel Maggio 1845. ''Trento: Monauni, pp. 43 ff.
|test=<div id="slikce"><img id="i" src="venetianLetters/i.png"><img id="z2" src="venetianLetters/z2.png"><img id="a1r" src="venetianLetters/a1r.png"><img id="u1" src="venetianLetters/u1.png"><img id="n" src="venetianLetters/n.png"><img id="a1r" src="venetianLetters/a1r.png"><img id="z2" src="venetianLetters/z2.png"><img id="i" src="venetianLetters/i.png"><img id="n" src="venetianLetters/n.png"><img id="z2" src="venetianLetters/z2.png"><img id="u1" src="venetianLetters/u1.png"><img id="d3" src="venetianLetters/d3.png"></div>
}}

Vače

2024-04-21T13:28:46Z

LukaRepansek:

Ptuj

2024-04-21T13:26:00Z

LukaRepansek:

{{Inscription
|trasnliteration=artebudʣ brogdui
|object=ceramic pot
|script=idiosyncratic North Italic script
|language=Gaulish
|direction=sinistroverse
|technique=scratched post cocturam
|condition=non-fragmentary
|findspot=Spodnja Hajdina
|culture=Roman imperial period
|date=2nd-3rd c. AD
|commentary=The pot is 8,3 cm in height and 8,1 cm in width. The surface is rough. There are a few larger holes and remains of a poorly preserved brown-red coating. Where the coating is missing, the surface is stained. The container is very similar to the most common local pottery in Poetovio, but it differs from it in that there are holes on the surface. The Inscription was scratched on the surface after firing. The pot shows no traces of secondary burning. Because of the simple shape of the pot it is difficult to accurately date it by itself. It does, however, clearly belong to the Roman-provincial ceramics. The ceramics show the peculiarities of the local fired Poetovian ceramics. In the same grave as the pot an oil lamp, which was dated with certainty to the second and third centuries AD, was found. Based on this the pot was also dated to the second and third centuries AD.
The alphabet used in the inscription shows a combination of letter forms and orthographic features which is not known from any other alphabet. Upsilon  is well-known in archaic Greek and Italic alphabets, but marginal in the North Italic ones. Identification of theta is based on the presence of beta and phonotactic reasons. The letter , which Eichner identifies as zeta, occurs in the Raetic inscription PU-1, where it probably denotes a media or lenis. The letters beta, epsilon and alpha are Latin. The alphabet is latinized, which makes sense given the late dating of the object. The spelling of obstruents does not follow any rules in North Italic alphabets. Pi and kappa are absent. Latin beta is used for /b/, but chi still denotes /g/ as in Venetic. Since all Venetic alphabets have switched the dental letters, the use of tau for /t/ and theta for /d/ indicates that we are not concerned with a latinized Venetic alphabet. Zeta appears to be used for a dental affricate as in Etruscan. It is surprising to find Old Italic/North Italic letter forms this late, as the vernacular writing traditions of Northern Italy are considered to have ceased in the late 1st century BC. Eichner (p. 137 f.) assumes that this alphabet was formed around the middle of the 1st millennium BC (with reference to archaic upsilon) and that the present inscription is the solitary witness of an independent script province in the Eastern Alps.
Eichner interpretes the text as two bipartite Celtic names. There are three possible analyses of the second name:
''brogdui'' as patronymic genitive ''brogdu-''''ī'''''''' → 'Artebuds son of Brogduos''''
'''''brogdui'''''''' as benefactive genitive ''brogdu-''''''''ī'' → 'Artebuds for Brogduos'
''brogdui'' as dative ''brogd-''''ūy'' → 'Artebuds for Brogdos'      
|bibliography=Stifter, David et al. (eds.), ''Lexicon leponticum''. https://lexlep.univie.ac.at/ <February 15th, 2024>
Eichner, Heiner, Istenič, Janka & Lovenjak, Milan (1994). Ein römerzeitliches Keramikgefäß aus Ptuj (Pettau, Poetovio) in Slowenien mit Inschrift in unbekanntem Alphabet und epichorischer (vermutlich keltischer) Sprache. ''Arheološki vestnik'' 45, pp. 131–142.
|test=<div id="slikce"><img id="i" src="venetianLetters/i.png"><img id="u3" src="venetianLetters/u3.png"><img id="d4" src="venetianLetters/d4.png"><img id="g1" src="venetianLetters/g1.png"><img id="o4" src="venetianLetters/o4.png"><img id="r2r" src="venetianLetters/r2r.png"><img id="b3r" src="venetianLetters/b3r.png"><img id="spacebar-letter" src="venetianLetters/spacebar-letter.png"><img id="z1" src="venetianLetters/z1.png"><img id="d4" src="venetianLetters/d4.png"><img id="u3" src="venetianLetters/u3.png"><img id="b3r" src="venetianLetters/b3r.png"><img id="e2r" src="venetianLetters/e2r.png"><img id="t4" src="venetianLetters/t4.png"><img id="r2r" src="venetianLetters/r2r.png"><img id="a5" src="venetianLetters/a5.png"></div>
}}

*Ts 2

2024-04-21T13:17:17Z

LukaRepansek:

{{Inscription
|trasnliteration=ṭeva
|object=fragment of a stone monument
|script=Venetic alphabet
|language=Venetic
|direction=dextroverse
|technique=carved
|condition=fragmentary
|findspot=Parti near Stara Sušica
|context=gravesite / cult site
|culture=the Notranjska-Kras Hallstatt cultural group
|date=5th-4th c. BC
|commentary=The object was unearthed at the archaeological site of Parti, situated near the village of Stara Sušica, within excavation cave nr. 6. Together with evidence collected from other excavation caves, it poses indications that the site served as a burial ground.
The object bearing the inscription, referred to as "Košana II" (by Pellegrini, 1981) and more recently as *Ts2, is a stone slab believed to have functioned as a headstone in its entirety (Urleb, 1979). In the other excavation caves, several items from various historical periods, ranging from the late Hallstatt period to the Augustan Age, were discovered. While the exact dating of the object remains undetermined, items like Certosa-type fibulae suggest it likely originates from the La Tène B2 or La Tène C period, corresponding to the late Hallstatt period. The stone slab measures 32 x 19.5 x 7.5 cm and features an incised image of a rider on the back of a horse-like animal. Due to significant damage, only five letters of the inscription remain visible, with only the 3rd and 4th signs (''e'' and ''v'', respectively) remaining intact. The inscription is believed to be written in the Venetic alphabet in an undetermined language. While not definitive, it shares similarities with Venetian customs of depicting horsemen on headstones.
Regarding the other signs, the first sign of the inscription appears as a hyphen, likely representing the lower third of the letter ''s''. The interpretation of the second sign is disputed, with the original proposal suggesting a ''k'', while a new perspective favors a ''t'', formed in a manner that is generally typical for areas outside the Isonzo region. The last sign is poorly visible, consisting of a fragmentary oblique line, intersected by a short dash, and interrupted by the fracture of the object. According to Pellegrini, the proposed reading of the last letter is ''a'', supported by its common occurrence in Rhaetic and Venetian inscriptions. The inscription likely represents the ending of an anthroponym.
|bibliography=Repanšek, Luka (2022). Posoškovenetski areal v luči novejših epigrafskih najdb. ''Arheološki vestnik'' 73, pp. 601–605.
Laharnar, Boštjan (2022). ''From Ocra to Albion ''/'' Od Okre do Albijske gore''. Ljubljana: Narodni muzej Slovenije, p. 135.

Pellegrini, Giovan Battista (1981). Osservazioni Epigrafiche. ''Arheološki vestnik'' 32, pp. 311–314.

Bavdek, Alma (2017). Arheološki oddelek. In: A. Čuk (ed.), ''Muzej je vaš. 70-letnica Notranjskega muzeja Postojna''. Postojna, p. 20.

Horvat, Jana (1995). Notranjska na začetku rimske dobe: Parti pri Stari Sušici, Ambroževo gradišče in Baba pri Slavini / Notranjska at the beginning of the Roman period: Parti near Stara Sušica, Ambroževo gradišče and Baba near Slavins. ''Arheološki vestnik'' 46, p. 179.

Urleb, Mehtilda(1979). Arheološke najdbe iz Stare Sušice pri Košani. ''Arheološki vestnik ''30, p. 154.
|test=<div id="slikce"><img id="t2" src="venetianLetters/t2.png"><img id="e2" src="venetianLetters/e2.png"><img id="v1r" src="venetianLetters/v1r.png"><img id="a1" src="venetianLetters/a1.png"></div>
}}

Ts 1

2024-04-21T13:14:06Z

LukaRepansek:

{{Inscription
|trasnliteration=.o..s.tiiare.i.
|object=bronze situla
|script=Venetic alphabet
|language=Venetic
|direction=dextroverse
|technique=incised
|condition=non-fragmentary
|findspot=Škocjan, Skeletna jama
|context=gravesite in a cave
|date=5th-4th c. BC
|commentary=The bronze situla, discovered in 1911 by a local amateur along with bronze jewellery and a fibula of Certosa type, was found adjacent to the remains of a male human skeleton. Both the fibula and the situla bearing the inscription were dated to the 5th or 4th century BC.
The inscription, designated Ts1, is deeply incised into the rim of the situla. The writing direction is dextroverse, except for the letter ''r'', which faces left. Despite this irregularity, the inscription is legible, with punctuation placed as expected, although the final grapheme is somewhat contorted and partly lost (Pellegrino, 1967). Nevertheless, the inscription unmistakably reads .''o..s.tiiare.i'', most likely indicating an anthroponym in the dative case. Considering that the human remains found alongside the situla belonged to a male, it is probable that the personal name in question was also male. Given the context in which the artefact was discovered, the inscription likely serves as a designation of the deceased.
The letter shapes exhibit characteristics of the Este type of the Venetic alphabet, which, along with the correct placement of interpunctuation, allows the inscription to be dated to the Este III period, circa 500–350 BC (Istenič, 1985). Thus, the dating of the inscription corresponds to that of the object itself.
|bibliography=Istenič, Janka (1985). Zapisi v venetski pisavi na Koroškem in v Sloveniji. ''Zgodovinski časopis ''39, pp. 324–325.
Lejeune, Michele (1974). ''Manuel de la Langue Vénète. ''Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, p. 309.
Pellegrini, Giovan Battista & Prosdocimi, Aldo Luigi (1967). ''La lingua venetica. ''Padova Firenze: Istituto di glottologia dell'Universita di Padova Circolo linguistico fiorentino, pp. 604–605.
|test=<div id="slikce"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="o4" src="venetianLetters/o4.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="s1r" src="venetianLetters/s1r.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="t2" src="venetianLetters/t2.png"><img id="i" src="venetianLetters/i.png"><img id="i" src="venetianLetters/i.png"><img id="a1" src="venetianLetters/a1.png"><img id="r2r" src="venetianLetters/r2r.png"><img id="e1r" src="venetianLetters/e1r.png"><img id="h3" src="venetianLetters/h3.png"></div>
}}

*Is 8

2024-04-21T13:12:22Z

LukaRepansek:

{{Inscription
|trasnliteration=ọb eṿ
|object=ceramic jug
|script=Venetic alphabet
|language=Venetic
|direction=sinistroverse
|technique=scratched post cocturam
|condition=fragmentary
|findspot=Gradič above Kobarid
|context=open-air cult site
|date=1st c. BC
|commentary=A fragment of a bronze plaque made from thin sheet of metal. Otherwise well-preserved, with a dark color, the outer edge of the plaque missing. Three raised bosses have been set in a triangle on the plaque. Under the widest side of the triangle, there are four short stick-shaped bulges, of which the two in the middle form one or more letters. This may be a part of a votive inscription. Dimensions are 4 × 2 cm. *Is 6 and *Is 8 are too short to afford any useful insights into the question of their provenance – they could, theoretically, be pure infiltrations.
fragment A: [---]ob[---], fragment B: [---]eṿ[---] (theoretically of course possibly also ''ep'' or eventually, but less likely, if the inscription belongs to the Posočje group, ''el''). Like *Is 6, it is far too fragmentary to be of any real linguistic or graphematic interest.
|bibliography=Repanšek, Luka (2022). Posoškovenetski areal v luči novejših epigrafskih najdb / Isonzian Venetic inscriptions in the light of recent finds. Arheološki vestnik 73, pp. 601–615.
Repanšek, Luka (2020). Towards the Interpretation of *Is 7. In: Th. L. Markey, L. Repanšek (eds.), ''Revisiting Dispersions. Celtic and Germanic ca. 400 BC – ca. 400 AD. Proceedings of the International Interdisciplinary Conference held at Dolenjski muzej, Novo mesto, Slovenia; October 12 th – 14th, 2018'' (Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph Series 67). Washington D.C.: Institute for the Study of Man, pp. 162–183.
|file=Is 8 Risba_Nada Osmuk.jpg
|imageCaption=Drawing: Nada Osmuk © Goriški muzej Nova Gorica
|test=<div id="slikce"><img id="v1" src="venetianLetters/v1.png"><img id="e1" src="venetianLetters/e1.png"><img id="spacebar-letter" src="venetianLetters/spacebar-letter.png"><img id="o3" src="venetianLetters/o3.png"><img id="o1" src="venetianLetters/o1.png"></div>
}}

*Is 6

2024-04-21T13:10:24Z

LukaRepansek:

{{Inscription
|trasnliteration=i.ḅ or ḅ.i
|object=bronze plaque
|script=Venetic alphabet
|language=Venetic
|direction=ambiguous
|technique=embossed
|condition=fragmentary
|findspot=Gradič above Kobarid
|context=open-air cult site
|date=1st c. BC
|commentary=Two characters can be seen on the fragment. The reading is difficult, and the writing direction cannot be determined. *Is 6 and *Is 8 are too short to afford any useful insights into the question of their provenance – they could, theoretically, be pure infiltrations. Most likely there are two letters from a Venetic alphabet, which are accompanied by one or two hyphenators. It remains unclear whether the character on the right should be read as an incomplete 'b' or as an incomplete 'o' with "internal" syllabic punctuation. It is not possible to decide which of the four alternatives – ‹b.i› or ‹i.b›, ‹.ọ.i› or ‹i.ọ.› – is correct. It is probably a (small) part of a votive text; such inscriptions are on a whole series of bronze sheets attached.
|bibliography=Repanšek, Luka (2022). Posoškovenetski areal v luči novejših epigrafskih najdb / Isonzian Venetic inscriptions in the light of recent finds. ''Arheološki vestnik'' 73, pp. 601–615
Mlinar, Miha & Tecco Hvala, Snežana (2022). Poselitvena slika posoške/svetolucijske skupine – nova najdišča in spoznanja / Settlement in the Posočje/Sveta Lucija group – new sites and insights. ''Arheološki vestnik'' 73, pp. 397-469.
Laharnar, Boštjan & Turk, Peter (2018). ''Železnodobne zgodbe s stičišča svetov''. Ljubljana: Narodni muzej Slovenije, p. 141.
Eichner, Heiner & Nedoma, Robert (2009). Neue vorrömische Inschriften aus Westslowenien: epigraphische und linguistische Evidenz. – In: G. Tiefengraber, B. Kavur, A. Gaspari (eds.), ''Keltske študije II. Studies in Celtic Archaeology. Papers in honour of Mitja Guštin'', Protohistoire Européenne 11. Montagnac: Éditions Monique Mergoil,  pp. 65–75.
Božič, Dragan, Istenič Janka, Osmuk Nada, Šmit Žiga & Turk Peter (2009). New Pre-Roman Inscriptions from Western Slovenia: The Archaeological Evidence. In: G. Tiefengraber, B. Kavur, A. Gaspari (eds.), ''Keltske študije II, studies in celtic archaeology, papers in honour of Mitja Guštin'', Protohistoire Européenne 11. Montagnac: Éditions Monique Mergoil, pp. 48-62.
|test=<div id="slikce"><img id="i" src="venetianLetters/i.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="o3" src="venetianLetters/o3.png"></div>
}}

File:Is 5 SLIKA.jpg

2024-04-21T13:08:26Z

LukaRepansek: LukaRepansek uploaded a new version of File:Is 5 SLIKA.jpg

File:Is 5 SLIKA.jpg

2024-04-21T13:06:51Z

LukaRepansek: LukaRepansek uploaded a new version of File:Is 5 SLIKA.jpg

*Is 5

2024-04-21T13:05:20Z

LukaRepansek:

{{Inscription
|trasnliteration=tom.o.i. .a
|object=bronze situla
|script=Venetic alphabet
|language=Venetic
|direction=sinistroverse
|technique=embossed
|condition=fragmentary
|findspot=Berlotov rob near Šentviška Gora
|context=open-air cult site
|date=4th-3rd c. BC
|commentary=The inscription was discovered on a votive area, where rituals were enacted on a central rock plateau over a period of many centuries. Gradič above Kobarid is the location of a Roman period settlement that extended across the original area of the prehistoric hill-fort.
As far as the type of text is concerned, basically a grave inscription, an owner inscription or a votive inscription in question. The inscription’s meaning is a personal name in the Dative singular. For morphological reasons, according to ‹.i.› to set a word boundary and to determine the sequence 'tomo.i.' as the dative Sg. of a masculine o-stem. As in several inscriptions from Làgole di Calalzo as well as two new finds from Verzegnis and Zuglio, here ‹t› can also be used “unetymologically” for ven. /d/, so that the letter sequence 'tomo.i.' is a Venetian word that produces a word form d/tomoi.
*Is 5 with the shape of its .i. and t is clearly an allochthonous item in the area it is apparent that the geographical factor cannot play any useful role in the affiliation of the individual inscriptions; a list of exclusive and (less importantly) non-exclusive diagnostic palaeographic features that any number of such inscriptions will show is the only methodologically viable route towards a coherent picture of which material one may classify as properly belonging to the Posočje group.
The letters are 6-9mm high and 4-7mm broad; the length of the preserved inscription is 55 mm.
|bibliography=Repanšek, Luka (2022). Posoškovenetski areal v luči novejših epigrafskih najdb / Isonzian Venetic inscriptions in the light of recent finds. ''Arheološki vestnik'' 73, pp. 601–615
Mlinar, Miha & Tecco Hvala, Snežana (2022). Poselitvena slika posoške/svetolucijske skupine – nova najdišča in spoznanja / Settlement in the Posočje/Sveta Lucija group – new sites and insights. ''Arheološki vestnik'' 73, pp. 397-469.

Laharnar, Boštjan & Turk, Peter (2018). ''Železnodobne zgodbe s stičišča svetov''. Ljubljana: Narodni muzej Slovenije, p. 141.

Eichner, Heiner & Nedoma, Robert (2009). Neue vorrömische Inschriften aus Westslowenien: epigraphische und linguistische Evidenz. – In: G. Tiefengraber, B. Kavur, A. Gaspari (eds.), ''Keltske študije II. Studies in Celtic Archaeology. Papers in honour of Mitja Guštin'', Protohistoire Européenne 11. Montagnac: Éditions Monique Mergoil,  pp. 65–75.Božič, Dragan, Istenič Janka, Osmuk Nada, Šmit Žiga & Turk Peter (2009). New Pre-Roman Inscriptions from Western Slovenia: The Archaeological Evidence. In: G. Tiefengraber, B. Kavur, A. Gaspari (eds.), ''Keltske študije II, studies in celtic archaeology, papers in honour of Mitja Guštin'', Protohistoire Européenne 11. Montagnac: Éditions Monique Mergoil, pp. 48-62.
|file=Is 5_SLIKA.jpg
|imageCaption=Drawing: Ida Murgelj © Narodni muzej Slovenije / National Museum of Slovenia
|test=<div id="slikce"><img id="a2" src="venetianLetters/a2.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="h3" src="venetianLetters/h3.png"><img id="o1" src="venetianLetters/o1.png"><img id="m1" src="venetianLetters/m1.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="o1" src="venetianLetters/o1.png"><img id="t2" src="venetianLetters/t2.png"></div>
}}

File:Is 5 SLIKA.jpg

2024-04-21T13:05:11Z

LukaRepansek:

*Is 5

2024-04-21T12:56:18Z

LukaRepansek:

{{Inscription
|trasnliteration=tom.o.i. .a
|object=bronze situla
|script=Venetic alphabet
|language=Venetic
|direction=sinistroverse
|technique=embossed
|condition=fragmentary
|findspot=Berlotov rob near Šentviška Gora
|context=open-air cult site
|date=4th-3rd c. BC
|commentary=The inscription was discovered on a votive area, where rituals were enacted on a central rock plateau over a period of many centuries. Gradič above Kobarid is the location of a Roman period settlement that extended across the original area of the prehistoric hill-fort.
As far as the type of text is concerned, basically a grave inscription, an owner inscription or a votive inscription in question. The inscription’s meaning is a personal name in the Dative singular. For morphological reasons, according to ‹.i.› to set a word boundary and to determine the sequence 'tomo.i.' as the dative Sg. of a masculine o-stem. As in several inscriptions from Làgole di Calalzo as well as two new finds from Verzegnis and Zuglio, here ‹t› can also be used “unetymologically” for ven. /d/, so that the letter sequence 'tomo.i.' is a Venetian word that produces a word form d/tomoi.
*Is 5 with the shape of its .i. and t is clearly an allochthonous item in the area it is apparent that the geographical factor cannot play any useful role in the affiliation of the individual inscriptions; a list of exclusive and (less importantly) non-exclusive diagnostic palaeographic features that any number of such inscriptions will show is the only methodologically viable route towards a coherent picture of which material one may classify as properly belonging to the Posočje group.
The letters are 6-9mm high and 4-7mm broad; the length of the preserved inscription is 55 mm.
|bibliography=Repanšek, Luka (2022). Posoškovenetski areal v luči novejših epigrafskih najdb / Isonzian Venetic inscriptions in the light of recent finds. ''Arheološki vestnik'' 73, pp. 601–615
Mlinar, Miha & Tecco Hvala, Snežana (2022). Poselitvena slika posoške/svetolucijske skupine – nova najdišča in spoznanja / Settlement in the Posočje/Sveta Lucija group – new sites and insights. ''Arheološki vestnik'' 73, pp. 397-469.

Laharnar, Boštjan & Turk, Peter (2018). ''Železnodobne zgodbe s stičišča svetov''. Ljubljana: Narodni muzej Slovenije, p. 141.

Eichner, Heiner & Nedoma, Robert (2009). Neue vorrömische Inschriften aus Westslowenien: epigraphische und linguistische Evidenz. – In: G. Tiefengraber, B. Kavur, A. Gaspari (eds.), ''Keltske študije II. Studies in Celtic Archaeology. Papers in honour of Mitja Guštin'', Protohistoire Européenne 11. Montagnac: Éditions Monique Mergoil,  pp. 65–75.Božič, Dragan, Istenič Janka, Osmuk Nada, Šmit Žiga & Turk Peter (2009). New Pre-Roman Inscriptions from Western Slovenia: The Archaeological Evidence. In: G. Tiefengraber, B. Kavur, A. Gaspari (eds.), ''Keltske študije II, studies in celtic archaeology, papers in honour of Mitja Guštin'', Protohistoire Européenne 11. Montagnac: Éditions Monique Mergoil, pp. 48-62.
|test=<div id="slikce"><img id="a2" src="venetianLetters/a2.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="h3" src="venetianLetters/h3.png"><img id="o1" src="venetianLetters/o1.png"><img id="m1" src="venetianLetters/m1.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="o1" src="venetianLetters/o1.png"><img id="t2" src="venetianLetters/t2.png"></div>
}}

Is 3

2024-04-21T12:47:48Z

LukaRepansek:

{{Inscription
|trasnliteration=luk.s. .m.elink.s. ga.i.jo.s. kab
|object=bronze plaque
|script=Venetic alphabet
|language=Venetic
|direction=dextroverse
|technique=incised
|condition=fragmentary
|findspot=Idrija pri Bači
|context=grave
|date=1st c. BC
|commentary=The artefact features a fragment of a bronze plaque with a rounded surface, perhaps belonging to a container. It exhibits traces of holes and tacks. Length: 78, width: 18-20. The inscription is carved with light strokes and runs from left to right within three bands marked by horizontal lines. The first line measures 60 and the second one 65. In the initial part of the third line only traces of two letters are visible. The height of the letters varies between 8 and 11.
In the first row the initial lambda has an oblique hasta that is pointed in an unusual direction. Since a slight dash pointing to the right emerges at the bottom, it seems that the engraver hesitated when writing. Szombathy noted that the second lambda in the first row is carved much better than the others, therefore it should be deemed as an exception. A hasta ran along a fissure in the piece. A crack runs across the track of the initial chi in the second row. In the third place of the second row three vertical parallel lines are followed by a letter which is difficult to identify (double reversed angular c). After the punctuated sigma the fissure probably passes through an uninscribed segment of the piece, which is followed by clearly inscribed kappa, alpha and phi. The authors of the article believe, that it is very likely not possible to identify ''sam'' in the third row, in contrast to the opinion of Szombathy. Due to the rest of the inscription missing, traces of two letters are very difficult to identify.
The authors prefer to identify the seventh letter in the first row as lambda, which was also suggested by Lejeune. The punctuation of the initial m is unusual. In the second row the letters in the 3rd and 4th place probably denote yod. In any case it is likely that the inscription in the second row denotes a name of a man, whose ''praenomen ''is preserved in a latinized form (''Gaius'') and is followed by a ''nomen'', of which only the first three letters remain (''Kab-''). The authors note, that Lejeune proposed the following interpretation: ''Luc(iu)s Mel(o)n(i)c(iu)s Gaesos capsam dedit/fecit'', but that it is more likely that the inscription contained names of two people, which were already latinized (''Lucius Melincius (et) Gaius Cab-'').
|bibliography=B. Pellegrini & A. L. Prosdocimi (1967). ''La lingua venetica.'' Padova: Istituto di glottologia dell´Università di Padova, Circolo linguistico fiorentino, pp. 591–597.
|test=<div id="slikce"><img id="l2" src="venetianLetters/l2.png"><img id="u2" src="venetianLetters/u2.png"><img id="k1" src="venetianLetters/k1.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="s1" src="venetianLetters/s1.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="m2r" src="venetianLetters/m2r.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="e3" src="venetianLetters/e3.png"><img id="p1" src="venetianLetters/p1.png"><img id="i" src="venetianLetters/i.png"><img id="nr" src="venetianLetters/nr.png"><img id="k1" src="venetianLetters/k1.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="s1r" src="venetianLetters/s1r.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="spacebar-letter" src="venetianLetters/spacebar-letter.png"><img id="g1" src="venetianLetters/g1.png"><img id="a2" src="venetianLetters/a2.png"><img id="j3" src="venetianLetters/j3.png"><img id="j2" src="venetianLetters/j2.png"><img id="o1" src="venetianLetters/o1.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="s1r" src="venetianLetters/s1r.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="spacebar-letter" src="venetianLetters/spacebar-letter.png"><img id="k1" src="venetianLetters/k1.png"><img id="a2" src="venetianLetters/a2.png"><img id="b1" src="venetianLetters/b1.png"></div>
}}

Is 2

2024-04-21T12:45:33Z

LukaRepansek:

{{Inscription
|trasnliteration=la.i..vna.i. vrot.a(.).i.
|object=bronze vessel
|script=Isonzian Venetic alphabet
|language=Venetic
|direction=sinistroverse
|technique=incised
|condition=damaged
|findspot=Idrija pri Bači
|context=grave
|culture=the Sveta Lucija Hallstatt cultural group
|date=4th-3rd c. BC
|commentary=Bronze pitcher is almost intact. It has a large loop handle with a curved horn. Height: 40, diameter: 70. The central lining features decorations, composed of rods and crosses. The inscription was carved under the brim with very light strokes. It starts from the right of the handle. The inscription measures approximately 125, the height of the letters is 9-13. The artefact comes from the tomb number 14.
The inscription is continuous and it is not difficult to identify the layout of some letters, since except for some variations the text is a reproduction of Is 1. The engraving is also not very accurate and displays various contradictions when it comes to orientation (it could be considered  sinistroverse based on the orientation of alpha, nu and latinized tau). It should be taken into account that the orientation of lambda is irregular. The final letter is almost completely missing.
|bibliography=B. Pellegrini & A. L. Prosdocimi (1967). ''La lingua venetica.'' Padova: Istituto di glottologia dell´Università di Padova, Circolo linguistico fiorentino, 1967, pp. 591–597.
|test=<div id="slikce"><img id="h1" src="venetianLetters/h1.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="a1r" src="venetianLetters/a1r.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="t1" src="venetianLetters/t1.png"><img id="o2" src="venetianLetters/o2.png"><img id="r1r" src="venetianLetters/r1r.png"><img id="v2" src="venetianLetters/v2.png"><img id="spacebar-letter" src="venetianLetters/spacebar-letter.png"><img id="h1" src="venetianLetters/h1.png"><img id="a1r" src="venetianLetters/a1r.png"><img id="n" src="venetianLetters/n.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="v2" src="venetianLetters/v2.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="h1" src="venetianLetters/h1.png"><img id="a1r" src="venetianLetters/a1r.png"><img id="p1r" src="venetianLetters/p1r.png"></div>
}}

Is 1

2024-04-21T12:43:05Z

LukaRepansek:

{{Inscription
|trasnliteration=la.i..v.n.a.i. v.rot.a..i.
|object=bronze vessel
|script=Isonzian Venetic alphabet
|language=Venetic
|direction=dextroverse
|technique=incised
|condition=non-fragmentary
|findspot=Idrija pri Bači
|context=grave
|culture=the Sveta Lucija Hallstatt cultural group
|date=4th-3rd c. BC
|commentary=The artefact is a small bronze vessel. Height: 45, diameter: 135. Under the outer brim there is a band decorated with triangles crossed by lines. There are traces of a handle that was fixed with a tack. The artefact comes from the tomb number 14. The inscription is carved with very light strokes and is under the decorative band. It measures 115. The height of the letters varies between 9 and 12. It should be noted that the inscription is not perfectly continuous and that the unwritten space separates the two words.
The initial character in the form of venetic tau probably serves a decorative purpose and is not part of the inscription. The use of an archaic form of heta in contrast to already latinized tau is peculiar. What is also unusual is that alpha precedes and follows a punctuation. It should also be noted that omicron has a rhombic shape with a protruding hasta. It is very likely that heta is used to denote ''.i.'', because the signs of heta and .i. were previously confused for one another, probably due to one of the variations for heta being similar to punctuated i.
The text is a gamonym expressed in dative, probably dative of possession with reference to the object. It cannot be excluded that it is a name of a deity.
|bibliography=B. Pellegrini & A. L. Prosdocimi (1967). ''La lingua venetica.'' Padova: Istituto di glottologia dell´Università di Padova, Circolo linguistico fiorentino, pp. 591–597.
|test=<div id="slikce"><img id="p1r" src="venetianLetters/p1r.png"><img id="a1" src="venetianLetters/a1.png"><img id="h1" src="venetianLetters/h1.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="v2r" src="venetianLetters/v2r.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="m1r" src="venetianLetters/m1r.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="a1r" src="venetianLetters/a1r.png"><img id="h1" src="venetianLetters/h1.png"><img id="spacebar-letter" src="venetianLetters/spacebar-letter.png"><img id="v1r" src="venetianLetters/v1r.png"><img id="r3" src="venetianLetters/r3.png"><img id="o2" src="venetianLetters/o2.png"><img id="t1" src="venetianLetters/t1.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="a4" src="venetianLetters/a4.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="h1" src="venetianLetters/h1.png"></div>
}}

*Is 4

2024-04-21T12:39:12Z

LukaRepansek:

{{Inscription
|trasnliteration=p/lokeno nekri.m.p.la.i.
|object=bronze situla
|script=Isonzian Venetic alphabet
|language=Venetic
|direction=dextroverse
|technique=incised
|condition=non-fragmentary
|findspot=Grad near Reka
|context=grave
|culture=the Sveta Lucija Hallstatt cultural group
|date=4th-3rd century BC
|commentary=The artefact is one of several items featuring an inscription in the Venetic alphabet, discovered relatively recently, namely, after 1967. It is a bronze situla containing the burnt remains of human bones. Carbon analysis of selected bone fragments dated the human remains to the late 1st century BC, consistent with indications that the cemetery from which this artefact was excavated was in use during the late La Tène and early Roman period. However, other data suggests that the inscription and the item itself are significantly older, indicating that the situla was reused as a container for human remains at a later time.
The inscription, designated as *Is4, was found incised into the shoulder of the situla and comprises 16 letters, suggesting a multi-word inscription. On the reverse side of the inscription, a sign of undetermined meaning was found. The catena litterarum of the inscription appears to be structured into two word forms, as observed both graphically and grammatically. It is noted that the letters are pointed rather than round where possible. While the reading of the inscription as a whole is not particularly challenging, some individual graphemes pose difficulties.
The reading of the first grapheme is disputed, as it could represent both the letters 'l' and 'p'. There is a slight advantage for the reading of 'l' as it has a parallel in the name ''Locita'', while the onset ''p-'' does not. Also problematic is the sequence of the 13th and 14th characters. According to Eichner (2009), all possible interpretations and their combinations result in 10 possible readings. Considering linguistic, philological, and paleographic aspects, some of these possible readings can be eliminated. The most probable reading of the second word form is settled to be ''nekri.m.p.la.i''., implying that the sequence explicitly reads ''ne-krimp-laj ''(Repanšek, 2022). However, the sequence sonorant-consonant-sonorant appears sporadically and typically exhibits the consonant arranged to the right, although we find at least one more example of this variant of consonant arrangement. Nevertheless, these examples could also represent an improper application of the principle of interpunctuation.
Comparing the first sign of the first part of the inscription with signs No. 13 and 14, there seems to be a greater similarity with sign No. 13 'p', while No. 14 'l' is clearly different from No. 1. For linguistic reasons, particularly connectivity to the aforementioned name ''Locita'', the reading /l/ is preferred. It is therefore assumed that the scribe, in the case of the direct succession of /p/ and /l/, opted for a different realisation of the grapheme than at No. 1. This spontaneous decision may also have caused the slightly rounded ductus of No. 14.
Regarding the meaning of the inscription, we are likely dealing with either a female or male personal name of ''Pokeno'' or ''Lokeno'' (or ''P''/''Loko'' + ''eno'', which also appears in other idionyms). The decomposition of the second word form appearing in the inscription into a compound consisting of ''ne-'' ("not") in the antecedent and ''-krimpla-'' points towards the inscription representing the name of a female, with'' nekrimpla- ''being interpreted as "the untouched one". The final letter of the inscription is interpreted as a mark of the dative form.
|bibliography=Repanšek, Luka (2022). Posoškovenetski areal v luči novejših epigrafskih najdb / Isonzian Venetic inscriptions in the light of recent finds. ''Arheološki vestnik ''73, pp. 601–615.

Eichner, Heiner & Nedoma, Robert (2009). Neue vorrömische Inschriften aus Westslowenien: epigraphische und linguistische Evidenz. – In: G. Tiefengraber, B. Kavur, A. Gaspari (eds.), ''Keltske študije II. Studies in Celtic Archaeology. Papers in honour of Mitja Guštin'', Protohistoire Européenne 11, pp. 65–75.Turk, Peter, Božič Dragan, Istenič Janka, Osmuk Nada & Šmit, Žiga (2009). New Pre-Roman Inscriptions from Western Slovenia: The Archaeological Evidence. – In: G. Tiefengraber, B. Kavur, A. Gaspari (eds), ''Keltske študije II. Studies in Celtic Archaeology.'' ''Papers in honour of Mitja Guštin'', Protohistoire Européenne 11, pp. 47–64.
|file=Is 4 Risba_Ida Murgelj Narodni muzej Slovenije.jpg
|imageCaption=Drawing: Ida Murgelj © Narodni muzej Slovenije / National Museum of Slovenia
|test=<div id="slikce"><img id="p1r" src="venetianLetters/p1r.png"><img id="o1" src="venetianLetters/o1.png"><img id="k1" src="venetianLetters/k1.png"><img id="e2" src="venetianLetters/e2.png"><img id="nr" src="venetianLetters/nr.png"><img id="o1" src="venetianLetters/o1.png"><img id="spacebar-letter" src="venetianLetters/spacebar-letter.png"><img id="nr" src="venetianLetters/nr.png"><img id="e2" src="venetianLetters/e2.png"><img id="k1" src="venetianLetters/k1.png"><img id="r1" src="venetianLetters/r1.png"><img id="i" src="venetianLetters/i.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="m1r" src="venetianLetters/m1r.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="p1r" src="venetianLetters/p1r.png"><img id="int1" src="venetianLetters/int1.png"><img id="p1" src="venetianLetters/p1.png"><img id="a1" src="venetianLetters/a1.png"><img id="h1" src="venetianLetters/h1.png"></div>
}}